Bellringer Read the Quranic verses about commerce : What trends do you notice in the Quranic verses? What trends do you notice in the Quranic verses? Cite two examples from the text to support your conclusion. Cite two examples from the text to support your conclusion.

Islam spreads to: South Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Africa Africa …the power of trade

Islam & Trade – “O you who believe, devour not excessive interest, doubling the sum lent. Fear Allah, that you may really prosper.” (Quran) – “Give just measure & cause no loss to others by fraud. Weigh with scales true & upright. Withhold not things justly due to men.” (Quran) – “Truthfulness leads to righteousness, & righteousness leads to Paradise. Falsehood leads to wickedness, & wickedness leads to Hell.” (Hadith) – “Gold is to be paid for by gold, silver by silver, wheat by wheat - equal for equal, payment being made on the spot. If the species differ, sell as you wish provided that payment is made on the spot.” (Hadith)

South/Southeast Asia Chapter 7

Interactions Islamic society interacted with India & SE Asia very differently Islamic society interacted with India & SE Asia very differently –India = military & territorial conflict –SE Asia = commerce Islam spread to practitioners in India & SE Asia through conversion similarly Islam spread to practitioners in India & SE Asia through conversion similarly

India After Gupta, controlled by regional kingdoms After Gupta, controlled by regional kingdoms Arab & Turkish control gradually increased during period Arab & Turkish control gradually increased during period –From military raids for revenge –To raids for wealth & spoils of war –To land grabs & formation of Muslim ruled kingdom

India Still, least affected region of Dar al-Islam Still, least affected region of Dar al-Islam Flexibility of Hinduism (Bhaktic cults) Flexibility of Hinduism (Bhaktic cults) Islam gained converts among poor & Buddhists, but mostly diffused Indian culture Islam gained converts among poor & Buddhists, but mostly diffused Indian culture –“Arabic” numerals

SE Asia Land of trade & converging influence Land of trade & converging influence –Lots of contact with India and China –Complex cultural mix: Animistic origins Animistic origins Classical exposure to Hinduism & Buddhism Classical exposure to Hinduism & Buddhism

SE Asia Dominated by 3 power zones Dominated by 3 power zones –Khmer Empire on mainland –various kingdoms on Java –Srivijayan Empire on Malay Peninsula & Sumatra

Khmer Empire Angkor Angkor Buddhist & Hindu influences Buddhist & Hindu influences

Java Rich volcanic soils & rainforest climate Rich volcanic soils & rainforest climate –Agriculturally productive (3 rice crops) Well-positioned for trade of spices Well-positioned for trade of spices

Srivijayan Controlled Malacca (most important port) Controlled Malacca (most important port) Buddhist Buddhist Long contact with Muslim merchants Long contact with Muslim merchants –Arabs & Indians –Monsoon winds fostered lengthy visits & thus greater cultural exchange

Spread of Islam in SE Asia Fall of Srivijayan dynasty provided an opening for Islamic conversion Fall of Srivijayan dynasty provided an opening for Islamic conversion Islamic conversion of Malacca created domino effect Islamic conversion of Malacca created domino effect

Spread of Islam in SE Asia Islam spread peacefully through: Islam spread peacefully through: –Trade Muslim brotherhood of trust Muslim brotherhood of trust –Sufis Mystical approach to Islam (3 rd branch) Mystical approach to Islam (3 rd branch) Allowed for much greater tolerance & local adaptation Allowed for much greater tolerance & local adaptation Conversion easier among animists Conversion easier among animists –Reason for greater influence than in India

Sufism Read the summary of Sufism : 1)How does Sufism differ from orthodox Islam? 2) Why were Sufis instrumental in spreading Islam to India & SE Asia? 3) Cite examples from the poems that would make Sufism attractive to Hindus. Buddhists? Animists? Come, come, whoever who are, Wanderer, worshiper, lover of leaving. It doesn’t matter. Ours is a caravan of despair. Come, even if you have broken your vow a thousand times, Come, yet again, come, come.

Overarching Idea… Cultures spread through syncretism?

Blending & Accommodation As religions spread, they are somewhat forced to accommodate local traditions to gain converts As religions spread, they are somewhat forced to accommodate local traditions to gain converts –Example: –Christianity & European paganism → Halloween, Christmas

Blending & Accommodation in SE Asia?

Indonesian Mosque

Southeast Asia through Maps

c. 800 CE -Chinese influence seen in Buddhism practice in Vietnam -Indian influence seen in Hinduism on mainland & Buddhism on western islands -outer reaches of SE Asian society still dominated by animism

c CE -Islam converts many poor & Buddhists in Bengal through trade, but trade contacts do not yet bring conversion in SE Asia -Srivijayan dynasty spreads Buddhist influence -Java shifts to Hinduism (Prambanan)

c CE -Fall of Srivijayan dynasty & control of Malacca opens path for Islamic conversion late in postclassical period, particularly in port cities & among animists