Chapter 30 Island Southeast Asia

Section 1 Objectives What landforms are found in island Southeast Asia, and what are some physical processes that have shaped them? What climates, biomes, and natural resources does the region have?

6 Countries – 20,000 Islands Brunei East Timor Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore All these Islands make up the Malay Archipelago. New Guinea is the 2nd largest Island in the world, and Borneo is the 3rd. Singapore benefits greatly from the Straight of Malacca. This offers many trade opportunities.

Map

Tectonic Forces This is one of the most geologically active areas in the world. There are several plate boundaries here, which causes a lot of earthquakes and volcanoes. Many deep ocean volcanoes formed these islands. Underwater earthquakes are common, causing huge tsunamis. December 26th, 2004 an Earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra displaced a huge amount of water. The tsunami killed 230,000 people.

Mount Pinatubo A volcano on the island of Luzon in the Phillippines erupted violently in 1991. It was the largest eruption anywhere in the last 50 years.

Climates and Species Much of the region here has a tropical humid climate. Some of the islands have relatively high mountains(16000 ft), and here there is relief from the constant heat of lower elevations. The Phillipines lie right in the path of typhoons that bring heavy rain and dangerous winds. Tropical climates support tropical rainforests. Thick Mangrove forests grow in coastal areas. Mangroves are trees or shrubs that have exposed roots. Many species of birds, fish, and other marine life use the exposed roots as their habitat.

Mangroves/Species Endemic Species to Southeast Asia--- There is a huge variety of unique species in this region Oragutan, gibbon, red kangaroo, javan rhinoceros, wombat, bird of paradise, komodo dragon.

Komodo Dragon

Resources The rain forests contain Southeast Asia’s most valuable resources. There are also many good fisheries, and very valuable volcanic soils that are good for farming. Rubber tree plantations are very important in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Section 2 Objectives Identify the early peoples who migrated to the region Analyze how colonialism affected island Southeast Asia’s history Describe what the region’s people and culture are like today

Early History Human remains in the Phillipines date back more than 30,000 years. Hindu’s from what is currently India heavily influenced the area. (700 A.D) Chinese merchants sailed to the islands and began to settle in coastal cities. By the 1300’s, Arabs from Southwest Asia were also trading in the region. They introduced Islam to the coastal merchants, and it eventually spread. Islam is the main religion in the islands of Southeast Asia

Colonial Era Just as we have seen in most other parts of the world, the Europeans controlled parts of Southeast Asia starting in the 1500’s. Portuguese were the first to arrive Searching for spices such as nutmeg, cloves, and pepper Thus, these islands became known as the Spice Islands. 1600’s -1700’s the Dutch drove out the Portuguese Portugal lost all of their lands except for the island of Timor. Spanish explorer, Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines (Named for King Phillip II of Spain) Still today the islands are largely Roman Catholic, which was the religion brought by the Spaniards.

Colonial Era The Dutch were not interested in religious convert, but more interested in commerce. They controlled the Spice and Tea trade on what we now know as Indonesia. The British set up a major port for trading with china in Singapore. Japan forces Europeans out of much of the Area, but eventually have to retreat after losing in WWII. The Euros try to re- establish dominance, but the locals resist and gain independence.

Culture Very diverse population that was created from the regions history of migration and colonization. Each country has one or more official languages. Singapore has 4 official languages. The Philippines were the first U.S territory overseas. The Philippines have 2 official languages.(Pilipino and English) Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam are all prominent religions in the region. In the Philippines, Christians make up more than 90% of the population. (remember the Spanish influence)

Growing Rice Farmers grow rice 3 ways – often on terraces Paddy (wet-rice) is the most productive and common- farmers allow for controlled flooded on the fields Dry Rice cultivation-farmers plow fields and plant seeds. Slash and Burn agriculture – burn forests for soil nutrients and eventually the soil is exhausted so they move and do it again.

Section 3 Objectives How has island Southeast Asia’s economy changed in recent decades? What are the cities of the region like? What challenges do the people of the region face?

Economic Development Most countries have free market economies There has also been a lot of foreign investment. Singapore and Malyasia saw huge economic growth in 1990’s. Singapore’s GDP per capita is one of the highest in the world. Agriculturally, the region is very unique which has allowed them to sell exports at high prices. Coffee, Fruit, Sugarcane, Tea Rubber Trees – Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are the worlds leading producers of rubber.

Urban Environments Large capital cities Indonesia Phillippines Singapore Brunei Malaysia East Timor Jakarta Manilla Singapore Bandar Seri Begawan Kuala Lumpur (Muddy Estuary) Dili

Kuala Lumpur The city gets its name from a Malay phrase meaning “Muddy Estuary” The city lies near the mouth of a river on the Malay Peninsula. Soaring 1,483 feet into the air, the Petronas Towers were ranked as the tallest buildings in the world after they were completed in 1998.

Singapore Singapore has grown from a small port in the 1800’s to a densely populated high tech city. Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, widely known as Singapore Island but also known as Pulau Ujong.

Issues and Challenges The rapid growth of cities is a huge problem Trying to protect personal freedoms and political freedoms. Much fighting in the region as countries try to gain independence. The 2002 Bali Bombing-