Abbasid Decline and Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

Spread of Islamic Civilization 1. The Islamic heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Era 2. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 3. The Coming of Islam of South Asia 4. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid Empire weakened, 9 th -13 th centuries – Peasant revolts Al-Mahdi ( ) – Shi’a unreconciled – Succession not secure

The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes – Harun al-Rashid Son of Al-Mahdi The Thousand and one Nights Barmicides – Persian Advisors Death followed by the civil war – Al-Ma’mun

Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder Civil Unrest Caliphs Build Lavishly – Tax Burden increase – Agriculture suffers

The Declining position of Women in the Family and Society Seclusion, veil Polygyny

Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former Province threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia – Take Baghdad, 945 – Sultans Seljuk Turks – 1055, Defeated the Buyids – Sunnis Shi’a Purges – Defeat Byzantines, Egypt

The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, western European Christian Knights – Small Kingdoms established Saladin retakes lands – Last in 1291

The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian the court Language – Administration, literature Arabic in religion, law, science Calligraphy Firdawsi – Shah- Nama Epic Poem Sa’di Omar Kayyan – Rubaiyat

Achievements in Science Math – Build on Greek work Chemistry – Experiments Al-Razi Al-Biruni – Specific weights Medicine – Hospitals – Courses of Study

Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis – Mysticism Ulama – Conservation – Against outside influences – Greek Philosophy rejected Qur’an Sufficient – Al-Ghazali Synthesis of Greek, Qur’anic Ideas Opposed by Orthodoxy

New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the ne of the Caliphate Mongols – Chinggis Khan Hulegu 1258, Baghdad falls – Last Abbasid Killed

The Coming of Islam to South Asia By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different system – Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism – Muslim Egalitarianism v. India cast system

Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasion First as traders, 8 th century – Attacks lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim – Umayyad general – Takes Sind, Indus Valley – Indian treated as Dhimmi

Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy – India influences Arab

From Booty to Empire: The second wave of Muslim Invasions 10 th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan – Mahmud of Ghazni Begin invasion of India Muhammad of Ghur – Persian – State of Indus – Thence of Bengal – His Lieutenant, Quta-ud-Din Aibak Forms state at Delhi Delhi Sultanate rules for 300 years

Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables – Also, conversion to escape taxes Muslim fleeing Mongols, 13 th, 14 th centuries

Patterns of Accommodation High-Caste Hindus remain apart – Muslims also often fail to integrate

Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Bhakti – Devotional Cults – Emotional Approach – Caste Distinctions dissovled – Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially Mira Bai, Kabir – Songs in regional languages

Stand off: the Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v Ulama – Separate communites

The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Shrivijaya Trading Contacts and Conversion – Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis Important Starting with Sumatra ports

The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Malacca – Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) Coastal Cities especially receptive – Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam