S OUTHEAST A SIA : P OPULATION P ATTERNS

H UMAN C HARACTERISTICS – I NDIGENOUS P EOPLE About 2,500 years ago groups of migrants from western China and eastern Tibet arrived in the region. The Khmers – settled in Cambodia, and Vietnam The Mons – settled in Myanmar The Malays – settled in mainland Malaysia and parts of Indonesia The Iban People

H UMAN C HARACTERISTICS – I NDIAN AND C HINESE I NFLUENCE Valuable spices Valuable spices grown in Southeast Asia drew outside traders to the region These traders brought new ideas, practices, and philosophies to the region. India – In the AD 100s, merchants from India introduced the Hindu and Buddhist religions to the region. China – Chinese influence in the region spread out from its rule over Vietnam. During a thousand years of Chinese rule, the Vietnamese adopted China’s: Writing system Confucian tradition System of government

H UMAN C HARACTERISTICS – I SLAMIC I NFLUENCE Beginning in the AD 800s Arab and Indian began to trade their cottons and silks for Southeast Asian Spices. During the 1200s, Southeast Asians – especially those in port towns – began to convert to Islam, the religion of these traders. Over time the Islamic religion has spread into the interior of Southeast Asia. Today Muslims form the majority of the population in Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia

H UMAN C HARACTERISTICS – W ESTERN C OLONIZATION During the 1400s and 1500s, European explorers colonized all of Southeast Asia (with the exception of Thailand). The Europeans brought new products in to Southeast Asia, including: Chili Peppers – From Spain, influenced Southeast Asian cooking Coffee Trees (Dutch)

H ISTORY – T HE K HMER R OUGE The Khmer Rouge (French for "Red Khmers”) was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia. It was formed in 1968 as an offshoot of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam. It was the ruling party in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan. Democratic Kampuchea was the name of the state as controlled by the government of the Khmer Rouge from 1975 to It allied with North Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and Pathet Lao during the Vietnam War against the anti-Communist forces. The organization is remembered especially for orchestrating the Cambodian genocide, which resulted from the enforcement of its social engineering policies. Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, even in the supply of medicine, led to the death of thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. Arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978, are considered to have constituted genocide.

U RBANIZATION List of Cities with more than 3 million residents: Indonesia: ___________________________________ Thailand:____________________________________ Philippines:__________________________________ Singapore:___________________________________ Vietnam:_____________________________________ 6 Environmental Concerns from Urbanization 1.___________________________________________ 2.___________________________________________ 3.___________________________________________ 4.___________________________________________ 5.___________________________________________ 6____________________________________________