Chapter 15 Section 3 Protestant Reformation

I. Era of Reform A. Reformation 1. Religious revolution that led to a reform movement that split the Church in western Europe 2. Northern Humanists argued Church had lost spirituality B. Causes 1. Church more interested in income than saving souls 2. Popes acting as political leaders and warriors a. Not giving moral leadership 3. Priests misbehaving 4. Humanists wanted new emphasis in faith & spirituality a. Church ignored concerns b. Humanists urged unhappy believers to withdraw from the Church

C. The Beginning 1. First break from Catholic church in Germany/Holy Roman Empire a. “Germany” not unified 1) Princes control over 300 independent states 2) weak rulers could not control ideas 3) could not prevent abuses of pope. b. Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to raise money for church *pardons from punishment for sin 1) had been used as reward for religious deeds 2) now used as way to buy way out of sins 3) outraged humanists

II. Martin Luther 1. Critic of Tetzel 2. Quit law school, entered monastery a. in search of salvation b. found no comfort, felt inadequate 3. Lutheranism-Received revelation *called ‘justification by grace through faith’ a. becomes basis of new religion b. Said simple faith could lead you to salvation B. Luther’s Protest Theses challenged Tetzel 1) attacked Indulgences 2) nailed to church door in Wittenberg b. news spread fast across Europe c. Luther wanted reform, not to start new religion 1) church leaders turned against him

C. Break with the Church 1. By 1520, Luther openly disagreed with many church practices a. bible should be the sole authority b. ceremonies could not forgive one of sins c. priests not required for salvation d. God views all those with faith equally 2. Used the Printing Press to spread ideas a. Pope Leo X declares Luther a heretic 3. HREmperor Charles V summons Luther a. Special meeting of rulers 1) ‘Diet of Worms’ (meeting with HRE rulers) b. Commands Luther to abandon ideas 1)Luther refuses/declared an outlaw 2)banned from selling or printing ideas (no enforcement) c. Luther flees to Saxony to hide (home state) 1)Under protection of Frederick the Wise 2)Translates bible into German for all Germans to read for themselves

D. Protestantism 1. Charles V continues to oppose Luther a. tried to keep ideas from spreading b. Princes loyal to Luther protest 1)why called Protestants 2. Luther’s ideas continue to spread a.eventually starts Lutheran Church 3. Organization kept simple a. Priests not as important as in Catholic Church b. Believed all capable of reading the bible and interpret for self.

III. The Spread of Protestantism A. The Spread 1. Desire for a simpler religion 2. German rulers establish churches in their own states 3. reformers become critics of Catholicism & Lutherans 4. Charles V tried to stop the spread a. Sent armies against German princes b. won battles but could not defeat the spread of protestantism c. Peace of Augsburg 1)Compromise w/princes, could choose own religion 2) Citizens could accept or move 3) Most chose Luther’s B. Rise of Sects 's of new religious groups in Germany & Switzerland 2. Not organized churches a. few rules, authority or discipline 3. Most all died out

C. Anglican Church 1. Henry VIII caused break from Catholicism a. had defended church against Luther 1) had received title ‘Defender of the Faith’ from pope b. wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon 1) no male heirs, just a daughter 2) wanted to marry Anne Boleyn c. Pope Clement VII refused request 1) Henry angered 2) Breaks away from the Catholic Church d. Creates Church of England 1) called Anglican Church 2) King is head 3) Keeps Catholic beliefs & practices a) eventually adopts some Protestant beliefs e. Henry gives self a divorce 1) had 6 wives, eventually gets a son

IV. Calvinism A. Zwingli, Swiss 1. Influenced by Erasmus 2. Pushed for reforms a. before Luther presented his 95 Thesis 3. Shared many views with Luther, some disagreements a. about forms of worship b. use of religious images 1) thought should be covered up

B. John Calvin’s Church 1. French Protestant 2. Founded own church 3. Wrote ‘The Institutes of the Christian Religion’ a. Explained exactly what the faithful should believe on every major religious question 4. Believed in idea of ‘predestination’ a. God had already decided who would be saved b. “the ELECT” - those chosen beforehand to be saved 1) followed highest moral standards 2) completely dedicated to god. 5. Calvinism became official religion of Geneva a. Geneva becomes a Theocracy b. Religious leaders claimed God’s authority c. Citizens lives were strongly regulated 1) no card playing, dancing, swearing, showy dress 2) severe punishments 3) many thrived, sense of mission and dedication

C. Spread of Calvinism 1. Many in France convert a. called Huguenots b. France still primarily Catholic 1) Catholic monarchs think Huguenots a threat c. Civil wars fought between Huguenots and Catholics 1) Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV to end wars 2) Granted Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights 2. Calvinists in Poland and Hungary 3. Calvinism also influenced England and American Colonies. a. form of Calvinism called Puritanism