Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain

Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista Believed to have evolved as the first eukaryotes. Organisms in this group just don’t fit perfectly into any other Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya. Most protists are unicellular. Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual reproduction also occurs. Most diverse group of organisms of any kingdom.

3 Divisions of Protist Plant like protist Animal like protist Fungus like protist

Diversity of Protists 3 Major Divisions Plant-like protist Euglenoids Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red Algae Brown Algae Green Algae

Second Division of Protist Animal Like Protist Amoebas Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoans

Third Division of Protist Fungus-Like Protist Slime Molds Water Molds and Downy Mildews

Kingdom Protista is very diverse. 15 phyla, based on the way they obtain energy.

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Spirogyra 7000 species of Chlorophyta Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Spirogyra 7000 species of Chlorophyta This slide and the following 3 slides are meant to demonstrate the diversity of Phylum Chlorophyta.

Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae. They form end-to-end chains of cells. Often found on the surfaces of ponds. Conjugation  (similar to bacterial conjugation)

Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Multicellular green algae Chara is a stonewort, the type of green algae believed to be most closely related to plants.

Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Volvox is a colonial green alga.

Green Algae Pediastrum, a flat colony of green algae

Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae Commercial importance of red algae: Agar—laboratory use, gelatin used in Petri dishes Carrageen—thickening agent in commercial products Porphyra--sushi

Phylum Phaeophyta: brown algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Underwater forests—habitats Kelp—food, habitats for aquatic organisms Pectin—used to make gelatin

Phylum Bacilariophyta: the Diatoms or Golden Algae Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Bacilariophyta: the Diatoms or Golden Algae Silica—the shells of these organisms found in sand. Used to make glass, concrete, Diatomaceous earth -dead diatoms settle to seafloor, collected and used in abrasives Plankton abundant food source for marine organisms

Diatoms

More Diatoms

Phylum Dinoflagellata: Spinning Algae-2 flagella for movement Some are photyosynthetic Some are bioluminescent Symbiotic Parasitic Red tide—population explosion of certain types of dinoflagellates. Kills large amounts of fish. Depletes water of oxygen and releases toxins into the water.

Red Tide-Dinoflagellates The toxins produces by the red tide can make humans sick. Harvesting shellfish is banned during this time.

More Dinoflagellates

And more Dinoflagellates

Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Euglenophyta Freshwater This phylum is a typical example of the difficulties in categorizing protists: 1/3 have chloroplasts, the other 2/3 do not. No sexual reproduction. Longitudinal fission. Propels the body through water. For photosynthesis

Many Euglena!

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTIST

Phylum Zoomastigina: the flagellates Trypanosomes- transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly, cause African Sleeping Sickness. Animal-like protists

Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness. They are transmitted to their human hosts by the bite of a tsetse fly. Below: Trypanosoma in a sample of human blood X 400.

More Flagellates-Zoomastigina Some are helpful and live in the gut of termites and digest wood

More Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina Diversity of Kingdom Protista More Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina Animal-like protists Other flagellates are known to spread sexually by infecting the vagina and urethra of women, and the prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra of men. Giardia Lamblia Zooflagellate Example 2 Attaches to intestinal tract.

Phylum Rhizopoda-Amoebas Move by Pseudopodia Phylum Rhizopoda- amoebas, including Entamoeba hystolytica Phylum Foraminifera- calcium carbonate shell Phylum Actinopoda-radiolarians Trivia- White Cliffs of Dover, Egyptian pyramids

Amoeba The projections are called pseudopods or “false feet.”

Amoeba

Amoeba?

Phylum Ciliophora: the Ciliates Diversity of Kingdom Protista Phylum Ciliophora: the Ciliates Very diverse group; very complex single-celled organisms which use cilia for movement.

Ciliate-Paramecium

Ciliate-Stentor

Ciliate-Vorticella  

Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the organism that causes malaria. Phylum Sporozoa Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the organism that causes malaria.

Fungus Like Protist

Slime molds, Water Molds, and Downy Mildews Phyla Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota and Oomycota “Fungus-like protists”

What are Fungus-Like Protists? Organisms which have some fungus like features Heterotrophic Decompose organic material

Slime Mold

Slime mold plasmodium body & reproductive sporangia stalks

“Dog Vomit” Slime Mold

More Slime Mold

More Slime Mold

Unidentified Orange Slime Mold

Water Mold

Downy Mildews

Summary of Protist Most diverse group, autotrophic and heterotrophic Eukaryotes, single celled and multicelled Structures: flagella, pseudopodia, cell organelles Reproduction asexual and sexual Some are harmless, some cause sleeping sickness and malaria