Plant kingdom diversity

Plant Groups Bryophytes-Mosses (seedless, non-vascular) Seedless vascular plants-Ferns Gymnosperms-Evergreens Angiosperms-Flowering plants

Seedless vascular plants Cladogram Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

Bryophytes think moss

Bryophytes Small Found only in damp, moist areas on land 1) Leaves must touch water for photosynthesis 2) Sperm swims through water to reach egg in gametophyte

Bryophytes sporophyte gametophyte

Alternation of generations Multicellular diploid organism (2n) sporophyte mitosis meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) Unicellular haploid cells (n) (spores) fertilization Unicellular haploid gametes (n) mitosis Multicellular haploid organism (n) gametophyte mitosis

Seedless vascular plants Cladogram Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

Vascular tissue Set of tubes that transport materials around plant Allows plants to grow taller Water travels up through xylem Sugar travels throughout in phloem

Seedless vascular plants Think ferns

Vascular tissue Set of tubes that transport materials around plant Allows plants to grow taller Water travels up through xylem Sugar travels throughout in phloem

Ferns live further on land Still must be in moist areas Sporophyte survives fine with vascular tissue But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte

Fern gametophyte

Seedless vascular plants Cladogram Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

Pollen grains Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind Removes water requirement for fertilization

Sperm still swims At the very end when pollen lands on another plant of same species Pollen tube connects to ovary, sperm swim to egg

Full colonization of land Vascular tissue + Reproduction through air

Seeds Tough coat protects newly fertilized embryo Also contains supply of food (endosperm) to survive during dormancy period

Gymnosperms Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) female ovary male pollen cone

Gymnosperm pollen strategy Release a lot, hope some pollinate (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)

Seedless vascular plants Cladogram Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

Angiosperms Think flowers (most diverse plant group)

Flowers Attract animals to help carry pollen to the next flower Color or scent attractors guide animals to obtain sugar from plant Oh, and while you’re at it, grab some pollen Some angiosperms still wind pollinate (grass)

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After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit

Fruit Typically collects sugar to attract animals Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent (and with free fertilizer!) Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion)

Asexual reproduction Plants can also reproduce asexually Many plant parts can regrow to make a whole new organism when separated (vegetative reproduction)

Seedless vascular plants Cladogram Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae