“Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter!” -Yoda, on the nature of The Force

Matter Any substance in the universe Has mass, takes up space There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.

Ways to Classify Matter Composition Based on what types of particles make up a substance Elements, Compounds, Mixtures Phase Based on how particles are arranged because of Energy Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

Phases Solids Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting points

More on Solids Hardness Describes how hard a solid is compared to other solids Based on the attractive forces between particles in a solid

Shape and Volume Solids do not change shape or volume without adding energy Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids – they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwards

Phases Liquids Particles are touching, but not locked in pattern Particles can “slide” past one another, causing the liquid to flow

More on Liquids Viscosity Describes how well a liquid flows Based on attractive forces between the particles

Shape and Volume Liquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their container The surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”

Phases Gases Particles are very far apart Particles collide with each other or their container rarely These collisions define the “pressure” of the gas

Shape and Volume Gases change shape and/or volume They take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the container Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

Phases Plasma Like a gas, but MUCH higher energy Particles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atoms This creates a “charged gas” state Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000ºC Only in lightning, aurorae

Volume Shape Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Definite Takes shape of container Expands to fill container Plasma

What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter? Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another? Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth? Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

What is the highest energy state or phase of matter? Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern? Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Phase Changes You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

Warming up! Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy: Melting Going from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase Vaporization Going from Liquid Phase to Gas Phase Sublimation Going from Solid Phase to Gas Phase

Cooling down! Two Phase Changes that require removal of heat energy: Condensation Going from Gas Phase to Liquid Phase Freezing Going from Liquid Phase to Solid Phase

Composition Pure Substance Mixtures Follow exact measures or proportions Made up of only one kind of particle Mixtures Can be any amounts or kinds of particles

Pure Substances Elements Compounds Made of only one kind of atom All atoms of an element are alike Found on the Periodic Table Compounds Two or more atoms chemically combined Follows a formula Cannot be separated except: by chemical means to form a new compound

Oxygen Element Compound

Carbon Dioxide Element Compound

Sodium Chloride Element Compound

Calcium Element Compound

Carbon Tetrachloride Element Compound

Mixtures Homogeneous Particles so small or so well mixed that the particles can’t be seen Also called a solution

Solutions Can be any phase in another phase Parts – Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in less amount Solvent – substance doing the dissolving, usually in greater amount

If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, which is the solvent?

What is the solute in orange juice? Water Orange particles

Which is the solvent in sweet tea? Sugar Water Tea Ice

What is the solute in muddy water? Dirt particles

Types of Solutions Concentrated – high ratio of solute to solvent Dilute – low ratio of solute to solvent Alloy – solutions of metals Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid metal) Aqueous Solutions – water as the solvent

Solution Process “Surround and Separate” Particles of the solvent pull particles of solute into solution

Speeding Up Solutions Agitation Surface Area Temperature Stirring makes particles collide more often Surface Area Grinding up a solute makes it easier to “surround and separate” them into solution Temperature Heating a solution speeds up the particles, increasing the number of collisions NOTE: When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a colder liquid slows down the gas particles and dissolves more total gas

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why a powdered aspirin works faster than a tablet? Agitation Surface Area Temperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why sugar dissolves better in fresh tea than iced tea? Agitation Surface Area Temperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why Kool-Aid powder has to be stirred into water? Agitation Surface Area Temperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why you can’t make “Cold Chocolate” out of “Hot Chocolate” powder? Agitation Surface Area Temperature

Which method of speeding up a solution explains why soup mix dissolves faster than bouillon cubes? Agitation Surface Area Temperature

Solubility Describes how well a substance will dissolve in 100g of water at a given temperature Differs with each substance and temperature

Amounts of Solute Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can hold More solute can be dissolved Saturated Solution has dissolved as much solute as it can hold No more solute can be dissolved Supersaturated Solution has dissolved more solute than it can hold Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it reaches the Saturation Point

Heterogeneous Mixtures Mixtures that are not well mixed Particles are so large that they can be seen or “picked out”

Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures Suspensions Temporary mixtures Particles settle out upon standing Colloid Particles do not settle out Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)

Physical Properties Any description of a material Physical Changes Size, color, mass, etc. Physical Changes Any change to a material that does not change the material Reversible

Chemical Properties Any description of a chemical reaction that a substance will undergo Flammability, inflammability, reacts with water Chemical Changes Any change to a material that Results in one or more new substances with different chemical and physical properties Has a resulting change in energy Not Reversible – except to undergo another chemical reaction Also called Chemical Reactions

Melting Ice Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property Physical Change

Hydrogen and Oxygen form Water Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property Physical Change

A blue car Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property Physical Change

Iron ore can be melted to form pure Iron Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property Physical Change

Matter & Its Properties Phases Phase Changes Diagrams Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures Solutions Alloy Amalgam Aqueous Solubility Heterogeneous Mixtures Suspensions Colloids Physical Properties Physical Changes Chemical Properties Chemical Changes