Chapter 1 Review

l EQ #1 (Chapter 1 Section 1) What is psychology and what are the goals of this social science? l Psychology is the study of the mind, behavior, and cognitive activities. l The Goals are to –Describe –Explain –Predict –Control –Observe

l EQ#2: Chapter 1 Section 2: What are the types of jobs in Psychology? l Clinical l Counseling l School l Educational l Experimental l Developmental l Social l Personality

l EQ#3: What are the perspectives psychologists use to explain behavior? l Biological (Brain, nervous system heredity, hormones) l Cognitive (thinking, decision making, problem solving) l Humanistic (Motivation) l Psychoanalytic (The unconscious mind) l Learning (The environment) l Sociocultural (Culture)

A Brief History of Psychology Or…Name that Psychologist

Socrates ( B.C) l Emphasized the importance of Introspection (Know Thyself) l Don’t rely on your senses. Rely on rational thought and self-knowledge. Athenian jury found other charges—corrupting the youth and interfering with the religion of the city—upon which to convict Socrates, and they sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E. Accepting this outcome with remarkable grace, Socrates drank hemlock and died in the company of his friends and disciples.

Aristotle ( BCE.) l The basic ideas of psychology were outlined by Aristotle his work Peri Psyches (About the Psyche) l Human behavior can be explained by laws, just as in science. l Example: Seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Wilhelm Wundt ( ) German Philosopher & Psychologist l He taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology. l Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. After experiencing a sensation subjects were asked to analyze their experience and their feelings. (Experience + feelings = the MIND. l Structuralism l Wilhelm Wundt is credited to be the “Father of Psychology.”

G. Stanley Hall ( ) l American student of Wundt. l Created the field of Child Psychology l Founded the American Psychological Association l While at Clark University, Hall organized a conference in 1909 for 175 people, 40 of which were American Psychologists. Among the attending psychologists were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung,

William James ( ) l Wrote the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology in l Created the school of Functionalism- How does experience allow us to adapt to our environment? What is the purpose of behavior? l Influenced by Darwin. l Adaptive behaviors are learned and continue. (studying for tests, baby playing with toys)

DR. IVAN PAVLOV ( ) l Begins the school of Behaviorism through his work with dogs and digestion. l All behavior is the result of external stimuli. Free will and decision making is ignored.

John B. Watson ( ) l The “Father of Behaviorism” l To be a true science, psychology must study only observable behaviors. l Human emotions are learned through conditioning. l Little Albert Demonstration

B. F. SKINNER 1904 – 1990 l Operant Conditioning- Organisms learn behavior through the consequences of that behavior. l Reinforcement vs. Punishment l Shaping-learning complex behaviors through learning small steps of that behavior.

Sigmund Freud ( ) l Founder of Psychoanalysis l Emphasized the importance of unconscious motives on human behavior. l The expression of our sexual instinct influences much of our behavior. l Dream Analsysis

CARL JUNG 1875 – 1961 l Student of Freud l Complexes l The importance of religion l Personality Types: –Thinker –Feeler –Sensor –Intuitor

ALFRED ADLER 1870 – 1937 l Student of Freud l Emphasized the inferiority complex. l 4 Major Causes l Our personality and behavior is formed by our attempts to overcome our inferiority.

ERIK ERIKSON 1902 – 1994 l Our personality is formed as we resolve 8 social crises in our lives. l Examples: learning trust, intimacy, and industry l Created the idea of an identity crisis l First psychologist to take a life-span approach to psychology.

KAREN HORNEY l Horney's theory is perhaps the best theory of neurosis we have. l Specifically, she saw neurosis as an attempt to make life bearable. l The neurotic need for affection and approval, the indiscriminate need to please others and be liked by them. l The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them.

Alfred Binet (July 8, October 18, 1911) French Psychologist l He was employed by French school system to create a way of determining which students needed more help academically. l Developed the first IQ test. l Cognitive Psychology- How humans think and solve problems.

JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980 l Worked in France administering Binet’s IQ test. l Children do not think like adults. Why? l Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that accurately explain the behavior of children. l Influenced teachers and school system.

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG l Built on the work of Piaget to create a theory of moral development. l Used moral dilemmas to analyze the moral level of children and adults.

Howard Gardner (July 11, ) American Psychologist and Educator l There are 8 different types of intelligence, each as important as the other. l Michael Jordan l Einstein l Mozart l Ronald Reagan?

Albert Ellis l Created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) l Humans create their own depression by how they cognitively deal with situations. l Is it OK to fail? l Treatment involves challenging the irrational thoughts the patient has. l INTROSPECTION is required

Elizabeth F. Loftus ( ) l The most horrifying idea is that what we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth.(Loftus, 1996, l Memory is malleable and easily altered.

Michael Gazzaniga, Ph.D l Has spent most of his career studying the brain and left/right hemisphere dominance. l Researched the impact of spilt brain operations.

Check for Understanding l How is behaviorism different from psychoanalysis? l How do cognitive psychologists explain human behavior? l What is introspection? l Name two psychologists who would focus on the unconscious to explain human behavior. l Name two psychologists who would only study observable human behavior. l Name the Psychologist: –Structuralism Functionalism –Dream analysislife-span approach