QUIT 13 CHAPTER European Middle Ages, 500–1200 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP SECTION 2 Feudalism in Europe GRAPH SECTION SECTION 3 The Age of Chivalry 4 The Church Wields Power SECTION Visual Summary

HOME 13 CHAPTER European Middle Ages, 500–1200 Chapter Overview After Charlemagne’s empire dissolves, people look to local leaders for protection from invaders. Feudalism and knighthood develop as a result of this need for protection. Later kings fail to revive Charlemagne’s empire. They struggle with the Church for power.

13 European Middle Ages, 500–1200 HOME Time Line 500 1200 CHAPTER European Middle Ages, 500–1200 Time Line 732 Charles Martel stops Muslim invasion. 900s Outside invasions spur growth of feudalism. 1190 Holy Roman Empire weakens. 500 1200 511 Clovis unites Franks under Christian rule. 800 Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope. 962 Otto the Great crowned emperor.

Unite Under Charlemagne HOME 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP Key Idea Invasions cause the fall of the Roman Empire, which is replaced by small kingdoms. The leader of the Frankish kingdom converts to Christianity. This religion spreads through western Europe as the Frankish kingdom expands. Charlemagne builds the Frankish kingdom into an empire. Overview Assessment

Unite Under Charlemagne HOME 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Middle Ages • Franks • monastery • secular • Carolingian Dynasty • Charlemagne MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. Charlemagne spread Christian civilization through northern Europe, where it had a permanent impact. Assessment

Method of Spreading Christianity HOME 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize how each person listed below helped spread Christianity. Method of Spreading Christianity Clovis Benedict Gregory I Charles Martel Charlemagne Converted himself and his army Wrote rule book for monasteries Extended papal power; blended church and government power Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours Spread Christianity through conquests; was crowned emperor by pope continued . . .

Unite Under Charlemagne HOME 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP Section 1 Assessment 2. After the fall of the Roman Empire, learning declined. How was this trend offset during the early Middle Ages? THINK ABOUT • the establishment of monasteries • Charlemagne’s accomplishments ANSWER Possible Responses: • Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, copied books, and wrote scholarly works. • Charlemagne opened a palace school and supported learning. continued . . .

Unite Under Charlemagne HOME 1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne MAP Section 1 Assessment 3. How does Charlemagne’s empire in medieval Europe compare with the Roman Empire? THINK ABOUT • the extent of the empire • the spread of Christianity • how long each empire endured ANSWER Possible Responses: Charlemagne’s empire covered parts of western Europe, a much smaller area than the Roman Empire. Both empires helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne’s empire lasted only 75 years, while the Roman Empire endured for nearly 600 years. End of Section 1

Feudalism in Europe Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Feudalism in Europe GRAPH Key Idea New invasions create chaos in western Europe. People look to local leaders, rather than to a central ruler, for protection. The system of feudalism develops, in which protection is provided in exchange for land or labor. Social classes become well defined under this system. Overview Assessment

Feudalism in Europe Overview 2 • lord • fief • vassal • knight • serf HOME 2 Feudalism in Europe GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • lord • fief • vassal • knight • serf • manor • tithe MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Europeans developed feudalism, a political and military system of protective alliances and relationships. The rights and duties of feudal relationships helped shape today’s forms of representative government. Assessment

HOME 2 Feudalism in Europe GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the reasons why feudalism developed, and describe its consequences. Causes Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions; decline of centralized government Rise of Feudalism Effects Increased emphasis on warfare and the control of land; well-defined social classes continued . . .

HOME 2 Feudalism in Europe GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 2. What benefits do you think a medieval manor provided to the serfs who lived there? What were the drawbacks? THINK ABOUT • the duties and rights of serfs • serfs’ living conditions ANSWER Benefits: Fulfilled basic needs for food, shelter, and protection; provided security and a sense of belonging to a community Drawbacks: Limited freedom; backbreaking labor; no awareness of the outside world; poor living conditions Possible Responses: End of Section 2

The Age of Chivalry Key Idea 3 HOME 3 The Age of Chivalry Key Idea Feudal lords create private armies of knights, who live by a complex set of ideals that guide behavior. Warfare is brutal, but poems idealize the life of a knight. In literature and songs, women are glorified as objects of romantic love. In reality most women are powerless. Overview Assessment

The Age of Chivalry Overview 3 • chivalry • tournament • troubadour HOME 3 The Age of Chivalry TERMS & NAMES Overview • chivalry • tournament • troubadour MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The code of chivalry for knights glorified combat and romantic love. Chivalry has shaped modern ideas of romance in Western cultures. Assessment

HOME 3 The Age of Chivalry Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List ideas associated with chivalry. Chivalry courtly love courage war games for glory epic poems horses as status symbols Christian faith loyalty courtesy women on pedestal continued . . .

HOME 3 The Age of Chivalry Section 3 Assessment 2. Do you think the idea of romantic love helped or hindered women? Why? THINK ABOUT • pros and cons of placing women on a “pedestal” • the Church’s view of women • the lyrics of love songs quoted in the text ANSWER Possible Responses: Helped women: Showed new respect and admiration; made the love between men and women more important; offset Church’s dim view of women Hindered women: Fostered unrealistic visions of women; encouraged a distant admiration of women instead of a respect for women’s abilities and ideas; valued unrequited love over relationships or marriage; applied to very few women continued . . .

HOME 3 The Age of Chivalry Section 3 Assessment 3. What positive effects might the code of chivalry have had on feudal society? THINK ABOUT • the ideals of chivalry • the education of a knight • the importance of religious faith • the violence and constant warfare during the Middle Ages ANSWER Possible Responses: • taught boys about courtesy and honor • softened the brutality of a warlike society • created guidelines for social behavior • encouraged the virtues of loyalty, faith, and bravery • inspired great literature End of Section 3

The Church Wields Power HOME 4 The Church Wields Power Key Idea German kings’ attempts to revive Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance with the Church by invading Italy fail. The Church resents the power German kings have to appoint church officials. Overview Assessment

The Church Wields Power HOME 4 The Church Wields Power TERMS & NAMES Overview • clergy • sacrament • canon law • Holy Roman Empire • lay investiture MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority. Today many religious leaders still voice their opinions on political issues. Assessment

The Church Wields Power HOME 4 The Church Wields Power Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. The dates below were significant during the Holy Roman Empire. Explain the importance of each date shown. 936 1077 1190 962 1122 Otto I crowned king. Henry IV’s journey to Canossa (power struggle) Frederick I’s empire breaks up into feudal states. Otto I crowned emperor. Concordat of Worms (power struggle) continued . . .

The Church Wields Power HOME 4 The Church Wields Power Section 4 Assessment 2. Do you think the Concordat of Worms was a fair compromise for both the emperor and the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the Church’s authority in spiritual matters • the emperor’s political power • the problems that remained unresolved ANSWER Possible Responses: Yes. It gave the Church the right to appoint bishops. No. The emperor still had ultimate control over the appointment of bishops. End of Section 4