+ Psychology’s Roots Founding & History of Psychology.

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Presentation transcript:

+ Psychology’s Roots Founding & History of Psychology

+ Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology Germany 1879 Identify ‘elements’ of consciousness & discover laws about how their connected Introspection Emphasized precise measurements Famous student: E.B. Titchener

+ Structuralism E.B. Titchener Englishmen— moved to US School of Thought: Structuralism Analyze basic elements of conscious mental experience Used introspection Criticized, “structuralism” didn’t last long

+ Functionalism First American School of Psychology How do humans & animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment William James James wrote “Principles of Psychology” Stream of consciousness, fluid thinking Functionalism also broadened to cover the study of behavior

+ Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler Individuals perceive objects & patterns as whole units, and that the whole thus perceived is more than the sum of its parts Germany—disbanded because Nazis came into power Still relevant to the study of perception & learning

+ Behaviorism Science of behavior: observable & measurable Determined by factors in the environment John B. Watson “you can’t measure/see what you think, you need to study what you can see.” B. F. Skinner—major force into the 1960s Now: we consider behavior as well as thoughts

+ Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis: human mental life is like an iceberg: conscious & unconscious Unconscious mind determines thoughts, feelings & behavior Freudian slip

+ Humanistic Psychology Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Focus on the uniqueness of human beings & their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health Maslow: hierarchy of needs—self- actualization Rogers: client centered therapy

+ Cognitive Psychology Focus on mental processes: memory, problem solving, reasoning & decision making, language, and perception Noam Chomsky: linguist, study of language Artificial intelligence Able to directly observe mental processes through PET scans