1) Competing political ideologies (philosophical belief systems): I. Conservatism: - Supported by the wealthy, nobles, landowners - Argued for maintaining traditional monarchies - Prefer status quo for social / economic hierarchy II. Liberalism: - Supported by the emerging industrial middle class (business leaders & merchants) - Argued for more elected parliaments (limited democracy… OK w/ constitutional monarchies) - Wanted suffrage limited only to educated property owners (no trust for the working class) - Usually favor non-violent reform

1) Political Ideologies (continued): III. Radicalism: - Promoted by the working class - Wanted FULL democracy for ALL citizens - Wants to REPLACE the system, not just reform the system (don’t “fix” monarchies, get rid of them!) - Maintained ideals of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity) - Favor drastic changes, using violence if necessary

2) NATIONALISM: - Patriotism - Pride & loyalty in a nation (territorial grouping of people who share a common identity*) - Loyalty to the nation you have, want, or had *Group identity often based on one or more of: - common history - common traditions - common culture, religion - common ethnicity, language JINGOISM – EXTREME NATIONALISM (blind faith & unquestioning loyalty to one's nation)

3) NATION-STATE (aka NATION, STATE, COUNTRY): MUST have the following characteristics: 1. a SOVEREIGN government 2. a group of people under the political authority of that government (may be homogeneous or multiethnic… consider: what conditions make for a more united population?) 3. a defined territory (identifiable borders)

4) Nation-states could be created either by uniting smaller states / kingdoms… (Germany, Italy), … OR splitting away from existing larger empires to establish “self-rule” (Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire) 5) Unifying factors of nationhood: 1. Ethnicity* 2. Culture, Traditions 3. Religion* 4. Common History 5. Common Language 6. Common Territory *Does NOT need to be uniform… HOWEVER, IF diverse, national unity REQUIRES either Constitutionally protected minority rights, OR a strong dictator who rules through fear!

6) POSITIVE effects of nationalism: - People uniting for a common purpose (emphasizing similarities over differences) - Provides a sense of identity - Fighting for independence & security, against oppression & tyranny - Tend to be democratic - Productive competition: “scientific & technological advances”; and Olympics! 7) NEGATIVE effects of nationalism: - Oppression of minority cultures & national sub- groups: forced assimilation, “ethnic cleansing”, tyranny, genocide! - Jingoism - Destructive competition: warfare - Anti-intellectualism (abandonment of logic, reason)

8) The BALKANS: Southeastern Europe… often volatile!

9) First SUCCESSFUL nationalist revolution for independence in EUROPE: GREECE (from Ottoman Empire), in 1830 … HELPED by European monarchs: UK  Identifies w/ ancient Greek culture France  Christianity v. Islam Russia  Regional rival to Ottoman Empire 10) NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS: American Revolution (1775 – 1783… successful) French Revolution (1789 – 1799… failed) Latin American revolutions (early 1800’s…. successful) … Greek independence (1830: successful) … Belgian independence (1830: successful) … Italian unification (1830: crushed by Austria & Metternich… failed, for now) … Polish Revolution (1830: crushed by Russia… failed)

11) MORE NATIONALIST ETHNIC revolutions: 1848 Hungary (failed), Bohemia (Czech Republic) (failed) Started revolutions: Liberals… … AND radicals! Who won? … CONSERVATIVES still in control (for now!) Problem: liberals and radicals unable to cooperate… When liberals and radicals can’t unite, conservatives win When liberals unite w/ radicals, conservatives lose C > L – R C < L + R

12) France… is a mess! 1830: Constitutional monarch (Charles X) attempts to become ABSOLUTE monarch… French radicals (and liberals!) revolt… Charles X replaced by Louis-Philippe (constitutional monarch)… rules for 18 years 1848: French working class radicals… demand more democratic rights… overthrow Louis-Philippe

France in 1848 (cont.): - Conservative (king) overthrown by radicals AND liberals… France founds the “Second Republic” - Liberals (middle class) only want political reform (democracy) - Radicals (working class) want political reform (democracy) AND economic reform (socialist policies) - Inability to compromise results in street fighting in Paris b/t liberals & radicals ,000 workers killed in civil unrest… public blames radicals for civil disorder, sympathizes w/ liberals - Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon III) elected president of the ‘Second Republic’

12) France (cont.): 1852: - Aftermath… four years later, Louis-Napoleon dissolves the French Parliament - declares himself EMPEROR NAPOLEON III - French population VOTES their approval (!?) in a national referendum - The French prefer stability to democracy!

13) Starting to industrialize in the 2 nd half of the 1800’s: - France - Russia BOTH are way behind Britain… and Prussia (soon to be Germany)! BONUS: Stirring the pot in 1848…