Rome Chapter 6

Location and place Rome Italian Peninsula Alps - provided protection centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers Originally developed because of its strategic location and fertile soil Italian Peninsula Alps - provided protection Mediterranean Sea- protection, sea-borne commerce

Social structure in the Roman Republic Patricians- powerful nobility inherited their power and social standing(few in number) Plebeians- majority of population Slaves- not based on race

Social Order and Politics Both were Roman citizens, their rights were different. Both Patricians and Plebeians could vote. Both had the right to make legal contracts and marry Intermarriage between the classes was not allowed. Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold political office.

Plebeians Gain Power Forced Patricians to write down laws Twelve Tables Gov’t created a new assembly (Council of Plebs) in 471 B.C. New leaders called Tribunes protected the Plebeians. A new law allowed intermarriage. In 278 B.C. the Council received the right to pass laws for all Romans

Citizenship and Republic Patrician and plebeian men Selected foreigners Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service, voting) Republic Representative democracy Assemblies The Senate Consuls Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

Punic Wars Rome v. Carthage 264-146 B.C.

Punic Wars Rome and Carthage (Latin for Phoenician) were in competition for trade Started when Rome sent troops to help settle a local dispute in Sicily (Carthage thought it was an act of war) Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula

Punic Wars Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome 241B.C. Carthage loses Sicily 201 B.C. Carthage loses Spain 146 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and takes Africa

Evolution of the Roman Empire Make a timeline showing Roman gains in the following places. Mediterranean basin Africa Asia Europe Including the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean Western Europe Gaul British Isles

Mythology Based on the Greek polytheistic religion And just like the Greeks--explains natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

Gods/Goddesses Jupiter/Zeus, Juno/Hera, Apollo/Apollo, Diana/Artemis, Minerva/Athena, and Venus/Aphrodite Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics **Foldable** In addition to the Gods, Romans later worshiped the Emperor

Decline of the Roman Republic Causes Spread of slavery in the agricultural system Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation

Rise of Imperial Rome (Rome as an Empire) First Triumvirate Julius Caesar- seizure of power, assassination (when) Augustus Caesar- civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor Empire- unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors

Pax Romana

Pax Romana Enabled by conquest and trade Two centuries (200 years) of peace and prosperity under imperial rule Trade flourished Roman culture spread Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire particularly in the Near East Civil Service Government officials to carry out laws

Pax Romana: Economic, Social, and Political Impact Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman Roads Promoted prosperity and stability Social Returned stability to social classes Increased emphasis on the family Political Created a civil service Developed a uniform rule of law

Beliefs, traditions, and customs Christianity

Origins Had its roots in Judaism, claimed to fulfill God’s promises in the Torah Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the promised Messiah Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

All about Jesus Historical person He said he was God “I and the Father are one.” -John 10:30 Claimed exclusive access to heaven and truth Jesus answered, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. –John 14:6

More about Jesus Arrested by Jewish religious leaders They convinced Pilate, the Roman governor, to crucify Jesus Jesus died Three days later, Jesus’ tomb was empty Many people claimed that they had seen Jesus and that He had been resurrected

Beliefs, traditions, and customs Monotheism Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God God and Human simultaneously All humans sin; God punishes sinners with hell Jesus substituted for the world perfectly and paid for everyone’s sins with his life and death God raised Jesus from the dead Life after death Everyone has a soul Believers = Heaven Unbelievers = Hell

Beliefs, traditions, and customs cont. New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians Christian doctrine formalized by early church councils

Spread of Christianity Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire Good road system Popular yet dividing message FREE eternal life, humans do nothing! For everyone (no discrimination gender, race, age, etc.) Persecution by Roman authorities All 12 apostles except one martyred for their faith Many others killed for their faith Helped spread the religion by inspiring others Those people are dying without protesting. What’s up wit dat? Adopted as official religion of Empire by Theodosius Religion protected by Constantine

Christian Symbols Cross Fish Trinity

Christianity and Rome

Impact of the Church As Empire slowly crumbles and loses influence, the Western Church takes on some of that power Church became main unifying force of Western Europe Different customs, etc., but still Christian Loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor ****Eventual split of Church into East and West over icons and Pope v. Emperor Control Church became an example of moral authority

Contributions Ancient Rome

Art/Architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches Science: Ptolemy Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) Language: Latin, Romance languages Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)

Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Causes and Division

Causes Economy—The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency Military—Army membership starting to include invaders, resulting in decline of discipline Moral decay—People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family Political problems—Civil conflict and weak administration Invasion—Attacks on borders

Division of the Empire Empire Divides into 2 due to size by Diocletian Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476A.D., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)