Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America,

The Indian Independence movement, The Land and the People  Classes and Languages – growth created pressures, less land  Peasants (majority) – over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) – protected  English = common language of western educated  Religion – Hindu center with Muslim sides British Rule and Indian Nationalism  Viceroy & Indian Civil Service  Indian National Congress – founded in 1885  1905 – British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east  1906 – All-India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah  1911 – Brits moved capital – Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up call  Indian Steel Industry – symbolic hope for independence  WWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence  1919 – Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed  1919 – Amritsar Massacre – Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200

The Indian Independence movement, The Indian Independence movement, …continued Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence  Mahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South Africa  Ahimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedience  Wore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority)  Salt March to protest British tax on salt  When jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular. India moves toward independence  Jawaharlal Nehru – Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial India  Viceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting Indians  WWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protest Partition and Independence (post WWII)  Muhammad Ali Jinnah – demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims  1947 – two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deaths  Kashmir – Hindu maharajah, Muslim people – still a hotspot today

Sub-Saharan Africa, Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes  African Farmers – few profit from high price cocoa & palm oil  African Health – modern technology brought, migrant workers spread disease Religious and Political changes  Christianity & Islam schools – Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South)  Islam fit more with traditional African polygamy  Senegal – Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly – advocate for African rights  African National Congress – founded by western educated Africans to defend interests  Africa in WWII – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians,  Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, Background to Revolution: Mexico in 1910  1% owned 85% of land (haciendas), US & Brits owned rails & industry  Indians (non-Spanish speaking), Mestizos worked the haciendas  Porfirio Diaz = “Liberty (for rich), Order (corrupt political machine), Progress (Foreign)”  Mexico City great, everywhere else, bad Revolution and civil war in Mexico  Francisco Madero – minor uprisings cause government to collapse, Diaz gone  General Huerta overthrows Madero, Prez Wilson sends US troops to Veracruz  Carranza (landowner) and Obregon (teacher) overthrow Huerta  Zapata – Indian farmer raids haciendas in south  Pancho Villa – Raids haciendas in north  Constitution of 1917 – lofty ideas o Universal suffrage, one term president, o Restrictions on foreign land ownership o Minimum wage and maximum hours o Public education (free from catholic church)

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, … Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, …continued  President Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR)  PNR – collection point for working out ideas of revolution  President Cardenas – redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industry  Art flourishes – murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo Transformation of Argentina  Most of Argentina pampas = flat fertile land  Oligarquia – ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos Aires  British allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goods Brazil & Argentina to 1929  Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubber  Rio de Janeiro the city of choice  Collapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect Hipolito Irigoyen  US replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goods  Post WWI – Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industry  South America still lags behind US & European technologically

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, … Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, …continued The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil  Argentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problems  Getulio Vargas (a bad loser) – coup, puts Brazil on industrial path  The environment – Favelas (slums) occupy hillsides  Vargas’s legacy – when failing to win reelection, another coup = Caudillo Argentina after 1930  Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943)  Eva Peron champions the descamisados (“shirtless ones” – urban workers)  Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.