Chapter 9: The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Sasanid Empire (224-632) Sasanid Empire established in 224 and controlled Persia and Mesopotamia. Zoroastrianism – official religion. Religion began to replace citizenship, language, and ethnicity as a person’s link to a group. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad and His Message Muhammad’s Early Life Born in Mecca. Entered caravan business. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad and His Message Muhammad’s Early Life Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Received revelations from Allah around 610 AD. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad and His Message Muhammad’s Early Life Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation The Quran Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad’s Migration to Medina Conflict at Mecca Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad’s Migration to Medina (Yathrib) Conflict at Mecca - 622 The Hijra – Flight marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad’s Migration to Medina Conflict at Mecca The Hijra The Umma – single group formed to recognize Muhammad as the “Messenger of God” and the core organization of the Islamic state. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World Muhammad’s Migration to Medina Conflict at Mecca The Hijra The Umma The “Seal of the Prophets” Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad. “People of the book” Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Profession of faith - Allah as God Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Profession of faith - Allah as God Daily Prayer – 5 times a day. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Allah as God Daily Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Allah as God Daily Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Alms for the weak and poor Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Allah as God Daily Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Alms for the weak and poor Pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9 Rise of Islam Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9 The Rise of Islam Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam A Prophet and His World The Establishment of Islam in Arabia Muhammad’s Return to Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam Islamic Law: The Sharia Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliphate 632-1258 The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliph The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam Division of Islamic Followers Mohammad’s death in 632 caused a problem with succession. Caliph or leader appointed as a spiritual and political leader to continue the faith. Abu Bakr (632-634) united Bedouin tribes to protect the new religion against outside threats. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9: The Rise of Islam Sunni – Muslims that believe that any Muslim that is a true follower of the faith can be both the political and spiritual leader of Islam. Approximately 80-90% of all Muslims. Shi’a (Shi’ite) – Muslims that believe that the true leader of the faith must be a direct descendent of Ali. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliph The Expansion of Islam - Jihad The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliph The Expansion of Islam The Umayyad Dynasty - 661-750 Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliph The Umayyad Dynasty Policy Toward Conquered Peoples Allowed religious freedom. Non-Muslims paid a special tax. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty The Caliph The Shia The Umayyad Dynasty Policy Toward Conquered Peoples Umayyad Decline Decadent living by leaders. Resentment from conquered peoples. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258 Abu al-Abbas Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas Abbasid Administration Agricultural Village, ca 1200 C.E. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas Abbasid Administration Used Persian model of bureaucratic rule. Central authority in Baghdad Used judges and religious leaders to set moral standards in each community. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas Abbasid Administration Abbasid Decline Civil wars and provincial governors taking more authority than central ruler. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops Effects of New Crops Increase in food supplies Cotton – increased textile production Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops Effects of New Crops Agricultural Experimentation Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops Effects of New Crops Agricultural Experimentation Urban Growth Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Camels and Caravans Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Camels and Caravans Maritime Trade Slave Market, ca 1200 C.E. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Camels and Caravans Maritime Trade Banks Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Camels and Caravans Maritime Trade Banks The Organization of Trade Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Overland Trade Camels and Caravans Maritime Trade Banks The Organization of Trade Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Changing Status of Women The Quran and Women Harem Seclusion of women from men Women could own property; testify in court Women played an indirect role in Muslim society Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World The Changing Status of Women The Quran and Women Veiling of Women Strong patriarchal societies. Veiling present before Islam. Persian custom adopted by Muslims as the religion spread. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Promotion of Islamic Values Establishment of religious schools – madraras Ulama (religious scholars), qadis (Islamic judges), and missionaries spread the religion. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Promotion of Islamic Values Sufis Religious mystics Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Promotion of Islamic Values Sufis Sufi Missionaries Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Promotion of Islamic Values Sufis Sufi Missionaries Hajj Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece Persian Influences on Islam Political organization. Language – (Arabic) Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece Persian Influences on Islam Indian Influences on Islam Hindu numerals. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: The Expansive Realm of Islam Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece Persian Influences on Islam Indian Influences on Islam Greek Influences on Islam Science Philosophical writings Medical writings and research Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: Rise of Islam Contributions: Astrology Medicine (Infectious diseases, hospital organizations, value of cauterization, and cleanliness) Optics and chemistry – Alchemy Commerce Industry Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 9: Islamic Art Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9: Islamic Architecture Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.