2. Nationalism replaces Empire Fascism, Decolonization, Racism, Genocide, Growth of International Organizations supplants political division of world into nation-states (early 21 st century) 1.World War I, World War II: the hegemony of western Europe was broken by 1945 and replaced by competition between two SUPERPOWERS COLD WAR ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in Revolutions Continue: Political Revolutions favor democracy Social Revolutions and social reform: changes in gender roles, peasant protests, spread of Marxism, Communism, Socialism, religious fundamentalism 4.Globalization: economic, technological, scientific, and cultural Migration patterns Russian Revolution1917 Chinese Revolution to the Present…..

World War I Casualties Total casualties = 37 million Your textbook: Total casualties = 15 million killed 20 million wounded

Armistice Day: 11 am 11/11/1918 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles

WWI: Failure of the League of Nations Goal? Positives and Negatives? COLLECTIVE SECURITY??

Effects of World War I? What was the intent of the League of Nations? What were the weaknesses of this body? First conflict of global proportions 15 million dead 20 million wounded End of four empires Rise of nine new countries Massive global dislocations End of Europe’s domination of globe

The Mandate System 1920 Balfour Declaration 1917?

Territorial Changes After the Great War

1922 Battle of Gallipoli 1915?

C 34: An Age of Anxiety Post-War Pessimism Crash of 1929 Global Depression Economic Experimentation The New Deal

Twenty One Demands 1915? Mukden Incident 1932? And The League of Nations?

Why did the war spread to Asia, Africa and the Pacific? How were these areas influenced by the war?

New Economic Plan? Collectivization/Joseph Stalin? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power? What was Stalin’s plan for the Soviet Union?

Vladimir Lenin = Rapid Collectivization Confiscations UNPOPULAR New Economic Policy (NEP) * partial privatization * promotion of agriculture * promotion of industry * “Kulaks” and speculation Centralized government/authoritarian Stroke 1922 Died 1924 Peasants who rose to prosperity (wealthy)

Joseph Stalin ( ) “Socialism in One Country”1924 vs. Trotsky “international communist revolutions” Massive Agricultural Collectivization First FIVE YEAR PLAN Ukrainian Famine De-kulakization = SECRET POLICE Non-existence of consumer goods The GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in labor camps by 1939 (gulags) Isolation Ukraine : 3 million died Including 1 million children

Nikolai Yezhov, the young man walking with Stalin in the top photo from the 1930s, was shot in Following his death, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet Censors. Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's rule. The Great Purge: Results = Arrests, about 7 million Executed - about 1 million Died in camps - about 2 million In prison, late about 1 million In camps, late about 8 million

Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I) Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator! PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independence From British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians = reform. Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906 Road to a SOLUTION: Mohandas Gandhi ( ) (transformed the Indian National Congress on his return in 1915) Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahimsa) Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”) Armitsar Massacre 1919 (British killed 379 unarmed protestors) Non-Cooperation Movement (boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton) Civil Disobedience Movement 1930 (more aggressive- protest on British authority = The Salt March (240 miles)= led 50,000 to the Sea to make salt illegally The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ ex Control under the British (failed) C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America Civil disobedience and non-violence

Monday 5/5: C 37 notes /C 35 ques/terms/chart Tuesday 5/6:Practice AP World test; 70 questions Wednesday 5/7: Go over test/ C Take Home test due Thursday 5/8: Partner Quiz C 35/37 (AFTER SCHOOL practice test) Friday 5/9:Essay review/ Period 1/2 (KEY CONCEPTS) Monday 5/12: REVIEW Tuesday 5/13: Period 3/4 (KEY CONCEPTS) Wednesday 5/14: Period 5/6 (KEY CONCEPTS) Thursday May 15;AP World Test :8am-noon

India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)

Global National Identity Crisis: China PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat= Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi) Road to a SOLUTION: Dr Sun Yat Sen ( ) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords “The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.” World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self- determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further Japanese aggression = May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel) Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921 Mao Zedong Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek ( ) Intermittent Civil War Three Principles of the People: -Elimination of special privileges for foreigners -National reunification -Economic development -Democratic republican government based on universal suffrage

Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949 Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding Leader of the Long March (6215 miles)women’s equality/ socialism ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)= Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution JAPAN? Mukden Incident 1931, Leaves League of Nations China Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi): Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy) = no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage) Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses shunned partnership with the Communists avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression World War II?

Great Leap Forward 1949 Cultural Revolution 1966

Global National Identity Crisis: Africa PROBLEM: Competing Interests ** desire for some degree of economic and political independence after WW I: differed from country to country ** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to maintain control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE Road to a SOLUTION: -Victorious colonial powers maintained control - Previously self-sufficient African economies were overpowered by European colonial powers - Europeans built businesses and prospered while Africans were used as forced labor ** African educated elite began to develop movement to support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta, Marcus Garvey) ** After WW II, Africans would demand independence from colonial rule (Ghana = first to become independent in 1957) Belgian Congo independent 1959 Kenya independent 1963 SELF- DETERMINATION SELF- DETERMINATION Post WW I Post WWII Persistent colonialism leads to “embryonic nationalist movements”

African National Congress 1912 To promote unity and mutual co- operation between the government and the South African black people To maintain a channel between the government and the black people To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans To address the just grievances of the black people

Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned: (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC) Nobel Peace Prize: 1993 President: 1994 (first democratically elected South African president)

Cardenas Sandino Diego Rivera Taft Roosevelt Neo-Colonialism "As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism." — Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965 Somoza Castro Nicaragua Mexico Cuba

1898: just before Spanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War 1945