SECTION 2: THE EUROPEAN WORLD CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2: THE EUROPEAN WORLD

EUROPEANS DRIVEN BY A DESIRE FOR WEALTH & A SENSE OF DUTY TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES AD 500- 1300 MEDIEVAL PERIOD EUROPEAN INVASIONS GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED ACROSS EUROPE FROM THE NORTH VIKINGS LOOTED & BURNED VILLAGES MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

FEUDALISM TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THESE THREATS, EUROPEANS CREATED FEUDALISM. POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD DIVIDED HIS LARGE LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED HIM MILITARY SERVICE & OTHER SERVICES BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE ESTATE OF THE LORD)

PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE LAND & GAVE THEIR LORD A PORTION OF THE HARVEST IN EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER & PROTECTION FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE MANOR PRODUCED EVERYTHING A FEUDAL SOCIETY NEEDED AS A RESULT EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED OUT

MEDIEVAL RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC GOVERED THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS. POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER EMPERORS & KINGS CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES, OWNED LARGE PLOTS OF LAND & WERE LORDS OF MANORS CLERGYS POWER CAME FROM THE FACT THEY WERE THE ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE.

EVERY CHRISTIAN WAS EXPECTED TO SHOW UNQUESTIONING OBEDIENCE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AROUND THE YEAR 1000 NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO MORE POPULATION & COMPETITION FOR LAND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA

THE CRUSADES MUSLIM EMPIRE POWER GREW. 1077- MUSLIMS FROM TURKEY SEIZED JERUSALEM. 1096-1291 CHURCH ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO TAKE JERUSALEM BACK (FAILED)

THE CRUSADES REAL IMPACT- INCREASED EUROPEAN AWARENESS OF THE WORLD BEYOND THEIR BORDERS & ACCELERATED ECONOMIC CHANGE CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK SPICES, PERFUMES, FABRICS FROM ASIA 1271- MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA WROTE ABOUT HIS EXPERIENCES THAT SENT EUROPEAN MERCHANTS SCRAMBLING TO SET UP TRADING MISSIONS TO THE EAST.

THE GROWTH OF CITIES MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET UP ALONG WATER & TRADE ROUTES GROWTH OF CITIES AND TRADE IN EUROPE HAD 3 MAJOR EFFECTS.

THREE EFFECTS CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS REVIVED A MONEY ECONOMY CONTRIBUTED TO THE EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

THE RISE OF MONARCHS EUROPES GROWING WEALTH INCREASED THE POWER OF THE MONARCHS. (THOSE WHO RULE OVER A STATE OR TERRITORY) ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS BY PROTECTING TRADE ROUTES & KEEPING THE PEACE OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN KINGS OR NOBLES KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE MAGNA CARTA IN 1215 “GREAT CHARTER”

GREAT CHARTER NOT ONLY SHAPED BRITISH LAW AND GOVERNMENT BUT BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE AMERICAN IDEALS OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE.

THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN GOVERNMENTS OR IN CHURCH ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN THESE WERE THE BEGINNINGS OF A CULTURAL REVOLUTION SOON TO SWEEP THE CONTINENT.

THE “BLACK DEATH” 1300’S “THE PLAGUE” KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPE’S POPULATION CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN DOUBTING CHURCH TEACHINGS

THE RENAISSANCE “REBIRTH” ENORMOUS CREATIVITY & RAPID CHANGE THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, & POLITICAL THOUGHT)

MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, & SHAKESPEARE BROUGHT ORDER & UNITY TO EUROPE BEGAN USING REASON & EXPERIMENTATION TO UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL WORLD

CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY THE RENAISSANCE FLOURISHED IN THE CITIES OF NORTHERN ITALY.

A GOLDEN AGE 1400’S AND 1500’S RENAISSANCE ART EXPLORED THE PHYSICAL WORLD & THE INDIVIDUAL ROLE IN IT THIS CORE PHILOSOPHY OF THE PERIOD IS CALL HUMANISM

THE PRINTING PRESS JOHANN GUTENBERG FIRST BOOK WAS THE BIBLE COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION 200 MILLION BOOKS CAME OFF EUROPEAN PRESS

THE REFORMATION 1517- MARTIN LUTHER LED THE REFORMATION DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS THE TRUE AUTHORITY PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED CATHOLIC AUTHORITY

THE RISE OF NATIONS GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL NOBLES & THE CHURCH DECLINED EUROPE THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS OF NATIONS

SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY COMPETITION FOR ASIAN TRADE 1400- ONLY WAY TO REACH ASIA WAS TO REACH BY LAND NEW TECHNOLOGY- COMPASS, ASTROLABE (ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky) & QUADRANT

PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS 1418- PRINCE HENRY “THE NAVIGATOR” ESTABLISHED A MARINERS SCHOOLS DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL, THE FINAL TOOL FOR LON RANGE VOYAGES. COULD SAIL WITH THE WIND AND AGAINST IT. 1488- BARTHOLOMEU DIAS SAILED AROUND THE SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA “CAPE OF GOOD HOPE”

1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA 1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA. THE FIRST SEA ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO ASIA WAS OPEN.                                                        

COMPETITION TO THE SEAS FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION CAMPAIGN BASED ON RACIAL PREJUDICE GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER & PUNISH JEWS & MUSLIMS WHO WERE POSING AS CHRISTIANS 1492- ALL JEWS REFUSING TO BE BAPTIZED WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN

GOALS SURPASS PORTGUAL IN THE SEA RACE BRING CHRISTIANITY TO NEW LANDS