World History II

Subcontinent of Asia British colony going back to the East India Co. Independence – 1947 World’s largest democratic country Mohandas Gandhi  Non-violent resistance  Assassinated by a Hindu radical in 1948 Assassinated by a Hindu radical in 1948 Division  India – Hindu  Pakistan – Muslim (East and West Pakistan divided by 1000 miles)  Sikhs – Ethnic group denied separate nation

Indian National Congress – major political party First Prime Minister 1950 Constitution – attempted to prohibit discrimination based on Caste Ethnic and Religious issues Improved economy helped financial systems

3rd Prime Minister Daughter of Nehru Ruled 20 years Followed policy of non-alignment w/superpowers Assassinated by 2 of her Sikh bodyguards  Retaliation ending a Sikh rebellion  Estimated 5000 Sikhs were burned alive afterwards

Division caused problems in ruling the nation West dominated West refused to accept the election of members of the Awami League East becomes Bangladesh – 1971Bangladesh  Densely populated nation  Ganges River - flooding 1988 Benazir Bhutto – 1 st female ruler of a Muslim nationBenazir Bhutto

Kashmir  Administered by India, Pakistan and China  3 wars between India and Pakistan Sri Lanka (Ceylon)  Civil War – Tamil Tigers (militant separatist)– want an independent Tamil State

Former Dutch Colony 4 th most populous country in the world Religion – Muslim 1966 – Dictator – General Sukarno  Attempts to westernize Natural Resources – oil, natural gas, minerals

Mandates after WWI  Syria and Lebanon – France  Palestine and Transjordan – Britain Israel  1948 Created by decree of the UN after WWII  Conflicts with Palestinians  PLO – terrorist organization created to destroy Irsael leader Yassir Arafat  1973 – Yom Kippur or October WarYom Kippur  Land area conflicts – West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights  1979 Camp David Accords – Israeli/Egyptian peace agreementCamp David Accords

Gamal Nasser Suez Canal  Nationalized it over European objections Non-Alignment Aswan High Dam  Allowed the Soviet Union to build it Arab League (United Arab Republics) Anwar Sadat – Camp David Accords  Assassinated in 1981 by fundamentalist army officers Assassinated

Ancient Persia 1951 – Mohammed Mosaddegh – elected Prime Minister – nationalizes oil industry “Operation Ajax” – CIA support Coup d’etat “Operation Ajax” Mohammed Resa Pahlavi becomes Shah 1979 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes ruler Iranian Hostage Crisis – 1979 Iranian Hostage Crisis

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oil Cartel  Sets prices and quotas for oil production  2010 – Controls over 70% of world oil reserves and over 40% of world oil production Placed an oil embargo on the U.S. after the Oct. War in 1973 leading to economic instability

Began with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990 Operation “Desert Storm” Coalition of forces led by the U.S. and Britain Sadam Hussain – leader of Iraq Successful in driving out the Iraqi forces but did not remove Hussain from power 2003 – Iraq War – US and British invasion to remove Hussain

Independence movements from WWII to the 1960’s UN – right to self-determination Peaceful and violent revolutions Problems of independence  Resentment over imperial rule  High debt  Over zealous nationalism  Hypocrisy

West Africa – peaceful transition Algeria – war with France for independence Kenya – violence with Britain Kenya  Leader – Jomo Kenyatta – “wise old man of Kenya” Angola – former Portuguese Colony – revolution supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba –Civil War ended in 2002 Zaire – former Belgian Congo – President Joseph Desire Mobutu (ruled ) – current issue involves the genocide in Rwanda and the Congo WarsMobutu Congo Wars

South Africa  Boer War  Apartheid – racial segregation Apartheid  75% of the population could won only 13% of the land  Desmond Tutu  Archbishop of Cape Town  Opponent of apartheid in the 1980’s  Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela  Apartheid ends in 1994  1 st black President