AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 10 : Airliners

Airliners An AIRLINER is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo.cargo They are owned by AIRLINES company. The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in the world are Airbus and Boeing.AirbusBoeing.

Cargo  Cargo airlines also known as freighters or freight aircraft designed for the carriage of goods.  Aircraft designed for cargo has several differences with passenger aircraft.  A ‘fat’ looking fuselage,  High wing designed: to allow the cargo area to sit near the ground.

Cargo

Airbus  Airbus is one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft in the world and supplies about half of all the world’s jet airliners.  Their mission is to “provide the aircraft best suited to the markets needs and to support these aircraft with the highest quality of service”.  Although Airbus’ headquarters are in France, they also have subsidiaries in North America, China and Japan.

Airbus types of aircraft models include as:  A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 > A340 > A350 > A380 Airbus 330 Airbus 340 Airbus 380

Boeing  Based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of the world’s leading aerospace companies, and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft.  They are the major service provider to NASA (they operate the Space Shuttle and International Space Station).  They are one of the largest US exporters (provide military and commercial airline support services to over 90 countries worldwide).

Boeing types of aircraft models include as:  DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 > B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787 DC3

Quick Facts  B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85.(567 mph or 913 km/h).  The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380

Airbus vs Boeing What’s the differences ???  Wing  Nose & Main Landing Gears  Engine  Tail Area

Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin USA Boeing Lockheed Martin Europe Airbus Industries (France) ATR (France/Italy) Fokker (Netherlands) Saab (Sweden) Russia Tupolev Sukhoi Brazil Embraer Canada Bombardier

Narrow Body Wide Body Types of Airliners Regional Airbus A380 Boeing 757

Wide-body Airliners  The largest airliners.  Two passenger aisles (rows), also known as a twin-aisle aircraft.  Used for long distance.  Allowing a total capacity of 200 to 600 passengers  Example:  Boeing & 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers) Wide-body: Twin Aisle

Narrow-body Airliners  Smaller airliners  Single aisle aircraft.  Generally used for medium-distance flights.  Allowing less than 250 passengers  Example:  Boeing 717, 737 & 757, Airbus A320 family McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD- 90 series. Boeing 737: Single Aisle

Regional Airliners  Regional airliners.  Single aisle aircraft.  Used for short - distance flights  Seat fewer than 100 passengers.  Example: Bombardier and CRJ series and ATR 42/72 CRJ

Cabin configurations and features  Seats: Seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during turbulence or accidents. The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player. Seats  Overhead bins: Overhead bins are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items.

Cabin configurations and features  Passenger Service Unit (PSU): located above passenger seats. Contain a reading light, air vent, and a flight attendant call button. Also Contain the drop-down oxygen masks which are activated if there is sudden drop in cabin pressure.  Lavatories: onboard bathroom with a toilet and sink. Approximately one lavatory for every 50 passengers.  Galley: galley is the compartment of aircraft where food is cooked and prepared.

Seats  An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: first class, business class, and economy.  The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights.  Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service. Interior of Business Class

Where is cargo compartment inside the aircraft?

 Airbus A300 fuselage cross-section, showing the passenger compartment above and the baggage area below.

Cargo bins  Airliners must have space on board to store baggage  Also known as "cargo bins” or “cargo decks”.  These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft.  Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment, lighting system and also being pressurized.

Aircraft Structure & Materials What's the material used to make Airplane exterior (body)?

Materials to build an aircraft  In the early days of flight, before WW1, aircraft were constructed entirely of wood and canvas.  The beginning of WW1 brought a sudden demand for thousands of aircraft.  Small companies grew into major manufacturers capable of producing many different types of aircraft in large numbers.  The techniques for building aircraft evolved gradually during the years between the wars.

Materials to build an aircraft  Wood and canvas changed to aluminum as the principal structural material and aircraft’s designs also improved.  Monoplanes (single wing aircraft) were becoming more popular than biplanes (two wing aircraft).  More powerful and reliable aircraft engines were continually being developed.  Because of the increased reliability and improved comfort, aircraft became a more acceptable form of passenger transport.

Materials to build an aircraft Uses on Fuselage skin Uses on Wing Uses on Aircraft Component

Why is aluminium used for aircraft fuselage skin?

Aluminium  Airplanes need to be light and flexible to perform well in flight.  Although other materials, such as composite compounds and wood, have been used for aircraft skins, aluminum is the most common and popular material for airplane skins. What is aluminium??  Aluminium is one type of metal which are silvery-grey color, strong, light, and corrosion- resistant.

Why Aluminium?  Lightweight  High Strength  Easy to shape into curve  Easy to design by machine  Corrosion resistant  Low cost

Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin 1. Light Weight  Aluminum is a light metal, especially in the thin sheets used for aircraft skin. By using aluminum as the skin, the overall weight of the aircraft is lower. 2. High Strength  Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes. 3. Easy to shape into a curve  Aluminum is easily formed into curved shapes that are more aerodynamically sound. Aluminum is an ideal metal for the curves of modern airplanes.

Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin 4. Easy to design by machine tools  Because it is light, flexible, and easy to bend, aluminum is easy to work. Its softness makes it easy to shape and form by machines. 5. Corrosion Resistant  Aluminum is more resistant to corrosion than other metals. It reacts more slowly to air, so it will not rust like steel or other metals. 6. Low Cost  Because of the benefits of aluminum, it is the cheapest material available.

What are the latest material to build an aircraft???

Latest material to build an aircraft  The principal material used in modern air- craft manufacturing is aluminum.  But the use of composite materials is rapidly increasing.  Composite materials are structural materials made up of two or more contrasting components.  Composites enable manufacturers to build aircraft that are lighter and stronger than aluminum models.

Nowadays, nearly all of the exterior surfaces are composites (ex: carbon, fiberglass)

Why Composites?  Superior performance when compared to steel or aluminum.  Reduces weight  Reduces maintenance costs  Reduces or eliminates corrosion

Why Composites?  Composites replacing the frame structures and skins with more strength and less weight.  Composites can be built up into special shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done by aluminum.  Composite weight and strength factors can be controlled and designed easily.

Range and Payload

 What is Range???  What is Payload???  What is maximum range and payload for Boeing , Boeing , Boeing , Airbus ,Airbus 380????

Range and Payload Range:  Range means how far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel. Payload:  Payload is the carrying capacity (load) of an aircraft in terms of their Passengers and Cargo.  It also means the load than can give the profits to the airlines company.

Aircraft NamesMax. Range (Km) Max. Payload(Km) Boeing km62,800kg Boeing ,500km397,000kg Boeing km136,000kg Airbus km73,500kg Airbus ,800km560,000kg Maximum Range and Payload for Boeing & Airbus Aircraft

What types of fuel used by aircraft?

Aircraft Fuel  For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.  But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large and powerful engines.  Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation Gasoline)  Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.  The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’  Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine- powered and is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. 42

Aircraft Refueling

Aircraft Fuel Tanks  For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage.  For smaller aircraft like Cessna, they used rigid removable tanks and may be removed for inspection, replacement, or repair.

Airlines  An organization that provides scheduled flights for passengers or cargo.  Two types:  Full Service Carriers (FSCs)  Low Cost Carriers (LCCs)

FSCs (Full Service Carriers) LCCs (Low Cost Carriers)

Full Service Carrier (FSC)  A Full Service Carrier is an airline that offers high fares.  It offers a variety of air travel classes such as first (F), business (C) and economy (E) classes  It provides in-flight meals, entertainment and other complementary services.  It services also incorporate hub and spoke networks.

Low Cost Carrier (LCC)  A low cost airline is an airline that offers low fares.  Only offers a single class.  No other services such as seating assignment, in-flight meals and entertainment and airport lounges.  They offer high frequency services on short haul, domestic and international routes, quick turnaround time, low costs through internet bookings.

Malaysia Airlines Fleet Composition Boeing Boeing Airbus Airbus Boeing Fokker Total83 Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is embarking on fleet modernization. It has a firm order of 35 B (delivery of aircraft between 2010 and 2014). It has another time order of 15 A (delivery between 2011 and 2014). It has optional orders for 20 B and 10 A MAS expects to receive six A380 in