13.1 Native American Cultures in Crisis OBJECTIVE: To understand conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier.

Opening Questions 1). Which Act allowed for settlers to move Westward? 2). What was the role of the US Army in dealing with Native Americans? Ex?

What forces were behind the conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier?

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS REACTION ACTION US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push Assimilation Ghost Dance

Broken Promises American Indians Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents  armed struggle and conflict

GREAT PLAINS NATIVE AMERICANS Two cultures: Osage and Iowa = Farmers Sioux and Cheyenne = Nomadic Tribes HORSE  MOBILITY  DEPENDENCE ON BUFFALO  CONFLICT

The Plains Indians Hunter/warrior societies form w/ horse and gun Different war tactics Coup, truces, etc. Buffalo central to life Independent, highly organized societies

http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/scans/uses.jpg

ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE  END OF AMERICAN INDIAN WAY OF LIFE 15 million buffalo reduced to 1,000 by 1885 Less Buffalo  Less food for American Indians Scarcity  Conflict among tribes and with Settlers Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

The Eventual Push The land ownership debate White=legal claims/Indian=open for all to use Legal system manipulated to give whites reason to move west to “unclaimed” land Gold rush led to mass migration/towns forming. (1849 on)

Mining – pp. 394, 395 Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west. Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles: 1849 –California 1858/59–Colorado 1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first: 1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850 At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890 The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://thewest.harpweek.com/

http://thewest.harpweek.com/

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS REACTION ACTION US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push Assimilation Ghost Dance

Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for free IF 1. improve the land 2. pay $30 3. live there for 5 years OR 1. live there for 6 months 2. pay $1.25 an acre 500,000 families attempt homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed. Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs. Exodusters – Af. Americans leave south & settle in Kansas SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890 The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Indian “Pacification” US Govt. signs treaties with Native Americans  Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries) PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

Treaty of 1868 "This war was brought upon us by the children of the Great Father who came to take our land from us without price." Outcome?

Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868 Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1868-1890 : period of Indian Wars 1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT 1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail 1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Littl Big Horn 1877: Nez Perce lands appropraited for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease. Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West. NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

Sand Creek Col. John M. Chivington, Courtesy of the Colorado Historical Society. "Colonel John Milton Chivington of the Colorado Militia, previously a Methodist minister, regarded the Indians with hatred. "I have come to kill Indians," he is known to have said, "and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians."

“Civilizing” the Indians 1887 Dawes Act  Forced Assimilation policies Reward good behavior with land and citizenship 1879: Carlisle Indian School, - “Kill the Indian and Save the man” - separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways - Jim Thorpe Indian population slowly rises after 1890’s.

Indian School

Dawes Act 1887 Assimilation Breakup of reservations to agriculture/take best land for whites Schools (“kill the Indian, save the man”) Buffalo wiped out on purpose Battle of Wounded Knee after Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS REACTION ACTION US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push Assimilation Ghost Dance

Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906 Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ghost Dance http://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visuale.html

1890: Battle of Wounded Knee GHOST DANCE: The whole world is coming, A nation is coming, a nation is coming, The eagle has brought the message to the tribe. The Father says so, the Father says so. Over the whole earth they are coming, The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, The crow has brought the message to the tribe, The Father says so, the Father says so MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

Wounded Knee Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria. Systematic wiping out pretty much complete by end of 19th century.

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS REACTION ACTION US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push Assimilation Ghost Dance

Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Support your opinion with information from the text.

Quiz 1). Custer lost at this location. 2). This act offered whites 160 acres of free land for cultivating it. 3). List one of the 2 first railroad companies to connect the U.S. 4). This act looked to assimilate, or Americanize Native Americans through schools, etc. 5). Massacre of the Cheyenne in Colorado by the U.S. Army.