Impacts of The Enlightenment SS.A.3.4.5; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.A.3.4.6; SS.B.2.4.3

Enlightened Culture Other kings build big palaces like Versailles, but in a new style of architecture borrowing from baroque Other kings build big palaces like Versailles, but in a new style of architecture borrowing from baroque Rococo art, is secular and centered on light and the pursuit of pleasure Rococo art, is secular and centered on light and the pursuit of pleasure Music: Mozart, Handel, Hayden, Bach Music: Mozart, Handel, Hayden, Bach Literature centers around the emergence of novels, about real people, not royalty Literature centers around the emergence of novels, about real people, not royalty

Enlightenment & Absolutism People begin to accept that equality before the law; right to hold property; pursuit of happiness; and freedoms of religion, speech, press & assembly People begin to accept that equality before the law; right to hold property; pursuit of happiness; and freedoms of religion, speech, press & assembly Rulers must be “enlightened”, operate within the law and nurture art, science and education Rulers must be “enlightened”, operate within the law and nurture art, science and education Enlightened Absolutism, where kings rule with absolute power, but adhere to Enlightened ways Enlightened Absolutism, where kings rule with absolute power, but adhere to Enlightened ways

Prussia King Frederick William I builds a powerful Prussian state: King Frederick William I builds a powerful Prussian state: –Fourth largest army in Europe –Loyal, efficient bureaucracy Fredrick II (The Great) cultured and educated—Enlightened Fredrick II (The Great) cultured and educated—Enlightened –Improved army and controlled bureaucracy –Bans torture, except traitors and murderers –Expanded freedom of speech, press, religion –But, keeps Prussian feudal system in tact

The Austrian Empire Austrian Empire is powerful, but hard to rule because of large size Austrian Empire is powerful, but hard to rule because of large size Empress Maria Theresa centralizes and strengthens the power of the state, while relieving burden of serfs (somewhat) Empress Maria Theresa centralizes and strengthens the power of the state, while relieving burden of serfs (somewhat) Joseph II, M.T.’s son, makes ideas of the Enlightenment law Joseph II, M.T.’s son, makes ideas of the Enlightenment law –Abolish serfdom, eliminate death penalty, est. equality before law, religious toleration –Nobles angry for freeing of serfs, Church angry over toleration, serfs upset about not understanding the world around them Joseph’s reforms fail, successors reverse them Joseph’s reforms fail, successors reverse them

Catherine The Great’s Russia Catherine takes power of Russia ( ), favors Enlightened reforms Catherine takes power of Russia ( ), favors Enlightened reforms Establishes new code of laws, all are equal under the law, but never really enforced Establishes new code of laws, all are equal under the law, but never really enforced –Nobility is key to stability, but her favor of nobles leads to unrest among serfs Catherine expands Russian territory to the south (Black Sea), and west to Poland Catherine expands Russian territory to the south (Black Sea), and west to Poland

War of Austrian Succession Austria’s Empress Maria Theresa seen as weak, Prussia’s Fred II invades Silesia Austria’s Empress Maria Theresa seen as weak, Prussia’s Fred II invades Silesia Austria & Britain vs. Prussia & France Austria & Britain vs. Prussia & France War was fought in three places around the world: Austria, Netherlands and India War was fought in three places around the world: Austria, Netherlands and India British capture French forts in N. America British capture French forts in N. America After Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, war stops, but only for a bit After Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, war stops, but only for a bit –Everyone gets land back, except Silesia

The Seven Year’s War Maria Theresa still upset over Silesia, France is upset with England Maria Theresa still upset over Silesia, France is upset with England –France & Austria forget rivalry, join forces with Russia against Prussia & Britain –War starts in Europe, India & N. America The war lasts from : The war lasts from : –In Europe & India called Seven Years’ War –In N. America called French & Indian War by the British and American colonists who fought against the Native Americans & French

War In Europe Frederick’s large Prussian army fights well at first, but is worn down by attacks from three sides Frederick’s large Prussian army fights well at first, but is worn down by attacks from three sides –Austria (South), France (West), Russia (East) New Russia czar Peter III, likes Frederick, stops Russian attacks New Russia czar Peter III, likes Frederick, stops Russian attacks War at stalemate, ends in 1763 War at stalemate, ends in 1763 –All lands returned, Austria gives up Silesia

War In India “The Great War For Empire” fought between France & Britain in India & N.A. “The Great War For Empire” fought between France & Britain in India & N.A. France won Madras from Britain in War of Austrian Succession, but gave it back France won Madras from Britain in War of Austrian Succession, but gave it back –France always wanted Madras, and attacks British Madras—the British persist France eventually leaves India to Britain France eventually leaves India to Britain

War In North America Called “French & Indian War” Called “French & Indian War” France ran N.A. colonies like trading area France ran N.A. colonies like trading area –Rich in fur, leather, fish and timber British N.A. more populated, wealthier British N.A. more populated, wealthier –1750: 1 million people Two main areas of fighting: Two main areas of fighting: –Gulf of St. Lawrence –Ohio River Valley

French & Indian War French in Ohio River Valley, seen as threat by British colonists/army French in Ohio River Valley, seen as threat by British colonists/army –French built forts, made alliances with Indians British Prime Minister William Pitt, wants to destroy French Empire, replace it with a British Empire British Prime Minister William Pitt, wants to destroy French Empire, replace it with a British Empire –Concentrates British resources on the war in the colonies, not the European theater –French N.A. army is bigger, but little navy France winning at first, but naval losses leave it unable to support army France winning at first, but naval losses leave it unable to support army

War Ends 1759: Britain wins battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec) under Gen. Wolfe 1759: Britain wins battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec) under Gen. Wolfe British take Montreal, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River Valley from France British take Montreal, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River Valley from France Treaty of Paris: France gives Britain Canada, land east of Mississippi River Treaty of Paris: France gives Britain Canada, land east of Mississippi River –As ally of France, Spain gives Britain control of Florida, but get Louisiana from France 1763: Great Britain is world’s greatest colonial power 1763: Great Britain is world’s greatest colonial power