GENETICS FINAL REVIEW PACKET 1. A Punnett square is shown below. The dominant trait is represented by R. The recessive trait is represented by r. Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows how modern types of flowers developed from early types of flowers over the last 75 million years. What percentage of the offspring will most likely show the dominant trait? (1) 25% (3) 75% (2) 50% (4) 100% 2. Naturally occurring variations within a species are mainly the result of mutations and (1) sexual reproduction (2) dynamic equilibrium (3) metabolism (4) camouflage 6. What is the most likely reason why these early flowers gradually changed to many different types of flowers over time? (1) The flowers’ traits were genetically engineered. (2) The environments of the flowers stayed the same. (3) The genetic material of the flowers stayed the same. (4) The flowers adapted to environmental conditions. 7. Which process is represented in this diagram? (1) evolution (3) selective breeding (2) photosynthesis (4) ecological succession 3. Which term identifies a single unit of hereditary information? (1) egg cell (3) nucleus (2) sperm cell (4) gene

The “G” gene is dominant. 4. What model is used to show the pattern of traits that are passed from one generation to the next in a family? (1) pedigree chart (2) dichotomous key (3) energy pyramid (4) line graph   5. What are genes composed of? (1) offspring (3) cells (2) DNA (4) traits 8. In humans, a trait can be determined by one pair or many pairs of (1) genes (3) cells (2) microbes (4) organs 9. An organism is born with a genetic abnormality not present in any of its ancestors. This abnormality is most likely the result of (1) circulation (3) mutation (2) competition (4) respiration Base your answers to questions 12 a & b on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of science. 10. The Punnett square below shows a cross between a pea plant with green pods (GG) and a pea plant with yellow pods (gg). All of the offspring have green pods (Gg). Explain why the offspring with Gg genes for pod color look the same as a pea plant with GG genes for pod color. _______________________________________ 12a. How many children did the original parents have? ____________ 12b. What is the total number of children and grandchildren who are color-blind in this family? 4 The “G” gene is dominant. 2

11. Pea plants can produce round or wrinkled peas. The genes for round and wrinkled peas are: R = round (dominant) r = wrinkled (recessive) Complete the Punnett Square below, which shows a cross between a hybrid round-pea plant (Rr) and a wrinkled-pea plant (rr). 13. A scientist crosses two different varieties of corn to produce a single variety that has traits from both parents. This technique is an example of (1) competition (3) selective breeding (2) natural selection (4) ecological succession    14. Complete the Punnett square below, which shows a cross between two parents whose genes for blood type are AB. R r r r R r r r A A A B A B B B 15. Each body cell of a goldfish contains 94 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are contained in a goldfish sex cell? (1) 23 (3) 94 (2) 47 (4) 188 17. A research team wanted to produce a smaller variety of German shepherd dogs. They mated the smallest dogs from different litters for several generations. This is an example of which concept? (1) extinction (3) selective breeding (2) mutation (4) natural selection 18. Many cells have a nucleus that contains chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genes that are composed of (1) hormones (3) minerals & water (2) DNA molecules (4) undigested food molecules 16. The drawing below represents a pair of chromosomes. The area labeled bands” shows the location of (1) egg cells (2) sperm cells (3) reproductive hormones (4) specific genes

Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the information about blood groups below. Human blood is classified into four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. An offspring’s blood type is determined by genes passed on from the offspring’s parents. Each parent gives an offspring one gene for blood type. The combination of the two genes determines the offspring’s blood type. There are three genes, A, B, and o, that are responsible for the four blood types. The table below shows how these three genes interact to produce the four blood types. 19. The Punnett square below shows the probability of blood types in the offspring of two parents. One parent’s blood type genes are AB and the other parent’s blood type genes are Ao. 20.Based on this Punnett square, identify the expected percentage of offspring in each of the four blood types. Blood type A: _____% Blood type AB: _____% Blood type B: _____% Blood type O: _____% 50 25 25

This is an example of the human activity called 21. The illustration below traces the development of the corgi dog over several generations as a result of human activity. This is an example of the human activity called (1) Mutation (3) selective breeding (2) genetic engineering (4) natural selection Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the information below and on your knowledge of science. In pea plants, the green-pod gene (G) is dominant over the yellow-pod gene (g). 22 a. Two pea plants with green pods, Gg & GG, were crossed. Complete the Punnett square below to show the results of this cross. Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a model of human inheritance. 25. What is this model used to determine? (1) the possibility of having twins (2) the probability of a trait being passed on (3) the rate of mutation (4) the production of sex cells b. What percentage of the offspring produced by this cross will most likely have green pods? __________________ % G G G g 26. What is the genetic makeup of the parents? (1) AA and aa (3) AA and AA (2) Aa and Aa (4) aa and aa 27. Why will Aa individuals have a straight hairline rather than a peaked hairline? (1) The peaked hairline occurs only in females. (2) The peaked hairline is a mutation. (3) The straight hairline is recessive. (4) The straight hairline is dominant. G G G g 100 23. Show the genetic makeup of two parent pea plants whose offspring would all have yellow pods. ___________ & ___________ g g g g

FINAL REVIEW: MORE GENETICS ! 24. What is the function of DNA in a cell? (1) regulating the movement of nutrients (2) storing and releasing chemicals (3) carrying genetic material (4) providing energy for activities FINAL REVIEW: MORE GENETICS ! Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the diagram below which shows a model of human inheritance. Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the diagram below. The diagram shows the offspring of a white mouse and a gray mouse. All of the offspring are gray. 28. The parent whose genes are aa (1) must be dominant (2) has a straight hairline (3) has a peaked hairline (4) may have AA offspring 29. The diagram shown is called a (1) Punnett square (2) pedigree chart (3) dichotomous key (4) flowchart 31. Which is a correct gene combination for the parents shown in the diagram? (1) GG × GG (3) gg × GG (2) gg × gg (4) Gg × Gg   32. If two gray (Gg) mice mated, what percent of their offspring would have pure white fur? (1) 25% (3) 75% (2) 50% (4) 100%

30. The eyes of the owl and the rabbit shown in the diagram below give each animal a different advantage. The front-facing owl eyes allow the bird to accurately judge distance when swooping in on prey. The side-facing rabbit eyes allow the animal to detect the motion of possible predators. 33. A new variety of tomato is better tasting and can be stored longer than other tomato varieties. This new tomato is produced by placing Additional gene segments into the cells of the tomato plant. This process is known as (1) genetic engineering (2) selective breeding (3) natural selection (4) sexual reproduction 34. The vast variety of different traits found in humans results from (1) intensive training and education (2) sexual reproduction and mutations (3) exercise and conditioning (4) birth defects and recessive genes 35. The effects of natural selection are generally seen most quickly in which organisms? (1) bacteria (3) humans (2) corn plants (4) cats The specialized eye types of these animals are examples of (1) disruptions of the natural balance (2) the interdependence of living things (3) adaptations for survival under certain conditions (4) involuntary responses to stimuli 36. The Punnet square below represents the result of the cross between two tall pea plants. All of the resulting offspring were tall. Identify two offspring from the Punnet square that could produce short pea plants if they were crossed. Explain your answer.   Offspring: _____________ x _________________ Explanation: Because 25% would be (t t) from a hybrid cross. T t T t

37. Chromosome is to nucleus as DNA is to (1) cytoplasm (3) cell membrane (2) gene (4) chloroplast 38. The fur of a snowshoe rabbit changes to white during the winter. This change is an example of (1) adaptation (3) metamorphosis (2) competition (4) metabolism 39. Which process gives rise to a variety of traits within a species? (1) sexual reproduction (2) dynamic equilibrium (3) cellular respiration (4) internal regulation Base your answers to questions 40 through 42 on the Punnett square below, which shows a cross between two tall pea plants (Tt × TT). 100% 40. What percentage of the offspring will grow tall? __________ 41. According to the Punnett square, what is the probability of an offspring inheriting two tall genes? (Express your answer as a fraction or percentage.) __________ 42. Explain why both parent plants are tall, even though their genes for height are not exactly the same. _____________________________________________________________________ 50% T is dominant & will mask the recessive t gene. TT is pure tall & Tt is hybrid tall.

Base your answers to questions 43 through 45 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of science. The Punnett square below shows an RR pea plant crossed with an Rr pea plant. Base your answers to questions 46 through 48 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows the result of sexual reproduction. 43. What percentage of the offspring will have a Full, round pod shape? ______________ % 44. Complete the Punnett square provided below to show the crossing of two Rr parents. 100 R r 46. Identify the two sex cells that are necessary for sexual reproduction. (1) ______________________________________ (2) ______________________________________ 47. In each of the offspring, what percentage of the genetic material comes from the male parent? _______________ % 48. State one advantage that a species that reproduces sexually has over a species that reproduces asexually. ________________________________________ R r RR Rr Sperm cells & Egg cells Rr rr If 100 offspring were produced from the crossing shown in the Punnett square below, approximately how many would have a wrinkled pod shape? ____________________ 50% 50% Variation of traits (species) over time.