Collision of Cultures Encounters, Exchanges, and Establishments, B. C. E

From Asia to the “West?” Beringian hypothesis “Clovis” and “Folsom” peoples Agricultural revolutions

Olmecs Central Valley of Mexico 100 b. c. e-500 c. e. elaborate urban architecture (Tehotihuacan)

Tehotihuacan: The "Camino de los Muertos" from the Pyramid of the Sun

Mayas Yucutan and Belize 500 –950 great science and math, urban centers

What happened to the Maya? Theories: ecological devastations internal social and political unrest external invasion

Maya Solar Calendar

Mexica (Aztec) Empire flourished from about Vast political, trade, and tribute network capital city was Tenochtitlan conquered by Cortes.

Mexica Empire

Quechua Empire (Inca) extended through Ecuador, Peru, and Chile flourished from about 1200 to 1533 conquered by Juan Pizarro. The ruler, the Inca, had great power and kept his empire together through a network of roads over which messengers ran carrying instructions/accounting “written” in the form of knotted ropes. (Quipu)

Quechua Empire

Machu Picchu, major temple and administration center

Human Beings al Norté Hohokam-Anasazi Adena-Hopewell Mississippian

Southwest Peoples Book to read: Stephen Plog, Ancient Peoples of the Southwest Slow to develop agriculture Major cultural flowerings: HOHOKAM—Southern Arizona 1000 B. C. E —Ball Courts, feathers MOGOLLAN—Southern New Mexico 1000 B. C. E — Pit Houses and Pottery ANASAZI (now properly called Ancestral Puebloans)— 1000 B. C. E. –1300—Northern New Mexico and Arizona— large villages and cliff dwellings, good roads.

Pueblo Bonito—Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, Colorado

ADENA-HOPEWELL Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys 1000 B. C. E.-800 A. D. Burial Mounds Trade Goods

Adena Hopewell Village—computer enhanced image by scholars at the University of Cincinnati

MISSISSIPPIAN Flourished Lower Mississippi Valley great moundbuilders

Cahokia

Emerald Mound in Mississippi 3.5 football fields long

Other Peoples EASTERN WOODLANDS: MUSKOGEAN—1500 present—Southeast—mound builders and farmers (Natchez, Chickasaw, Choctaw) IROQUOIS—1400 present—New York—longhouses—Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks, Tuscaroras. ALGONQUIAN—1200 present—agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing. (Wampanoag, Lenni Lenape, Shawnee) GREAT PLAINS/GREAT BASIN—1500 B. C. E. – Present—hunters, gatherers, horticulturalists, transhumance, bows and arrows—got horse in (Utes—Nyuutsiyu, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, Lakota, Dakota) WESTERN B. C. E.-Present—good fishers, hunters of whales, netters of fish. (Tlingits, Tillamook, Chinook)

Misc. In 1492, TOTAL INDIAN POPULATION—57 million to 112 million (10 million in North America) How do we know about these “lost peoples/” Archaeology—clovis/folsom hypothesis. Kennewick Man—was he a Caucasoid ecotumor? Oral History.

European Background to Its Incursion in and Settlement (Conquest) of North America

Context Norse migrations Rise of Nation States Renaissance La Reconquista Why Europe and not China? Zheng He commanded a large treasure fleet in the 1430s, but China had no incentive to explore beyond the Indian Ocean and East African Coast.

How did the United States come to be? Conquest of a continent was not a foregone conclusion. A unitary state did not have to emerge out of the conquered lands of native peoples. In many way, the European encounter with the Americas was an accident.

Portuguese Forays Along the African Coast to India (Prince Henry the Navigator) Bartholomew Dias around the Cape of Good Hope (1488) Vasco da Gama to India (1498) Pedro Cabral to Brazil (1500)

Spanish Forays Christopher Columbus (1492—first of 4 voyages) Columbus Controversy—hero or instigator of genocide?

The Pinta and the Santa Maria

Great Biological Exchange Maize Potatoes Rice Dandelions Small pox Pollinating insects U. S. Honeybee is native to Asia.

Spanish Empire in the New World Conquistadors conquer Mexica and Quechua (Cortes and Pizarro) Coronado and DeSoto explore interior of North America Focus on Silver in Mexico, especially rich strikes at Zacatecas.—Juan de Oñate Popé Encomienda Bartolomé de Las Casas Rivalries with France and England Legacies?

Reformation Martin Luther John Calvin English Reformation—from Henry to Elizabeth

ELIZABETH I— Marriage politics Aided Protestants in Netherlands Supported “Sea Dogs”—really pirates like Drake

Spanish Armada Phillip II desired to rid himself of both his English and Protestant problems in the north. Mythology of Armada English freer to exploit North Atlantic Spanish sea power was considerably weakened English morale heightened.

Walter Raleigh Established Roanoke on Carolina’s outer banks Armada interfered with supplying ti. “Lost Colony”