5 Atoms to Minerals 5.1 Matter and Atoms CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals EXIT CHAPTER 5.1 Matter and Atoms 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals 5.3 Identifying Minerals 5.4 Mineral Groups CHAPTER OUTLINE

5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.1 Matter and Atoms VOCABULARY Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is made of elements. All known elements are listed and classified by properties on the periodic table. element atomic number isotope mass number compound molecule A diamond is made of the element carbon. ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.1 Matter and Atoms VOCABULARY Matter is anything with mass and volume, and is made of elements. All known elements are listed and classified by properties on the periodic table. element atomic number isotope An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the element’s properties. An atom has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons in an electron cloud. mass number compound molecule ion metal A carbon atom consists of six protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons Neutrons Electron nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.1 Matter and Atoms Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.1 Matter and Atoms VOCABULARY Two or more chemically bound elements may form a compound; most substances on Earth are compounds rather than pure elements. Compounds often have properties very different than those of the elements of which it is made. element atomic number isotope mass number compound Compounds are bound by three main types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. molecule ion metal Ionic Bond: Salt Sodium Ion Chlorine Ion Covalent Bond: Water Hydrogen Oxygen nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals element CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number element isotope A substance composed of atoms that are chemically alike and that cannot be broken down into simpler parts by ordinary chemical or physical means. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals atomic number CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number atomic number isotope The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals isotope CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number isotope isotope Any of two or more forms of the same chemical element that differ in atomic mass. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals mass number CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number mass number isotope The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals compound CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number compound isotope A substance that contains atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals molecule CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number molecule isotope A group of atoms linked together by chemical bonds. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number ion isotope An electrically charged atom or group of atoms. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals metal CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number metal isotope An element that loses electrons easily to form positive ions. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals nonmetal CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY element atomic number nonmetal isotope An element that gains electrons easily to form negative ions. mass number compound molecule ion metal nonmetal SECTION OUTLINE

5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals VOCABULARY mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and orderly atomic arrangement. crystal silicate silica tetrahedron cleavage Crystal Structure of Salt Sodium ion Chlorine ion Minerals may be either elements or compounds, and form in a variety of ways. SECTION OUTLINE

5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals VOCABULARY mineral crystal The atomic, or crystal, structure determines a mineral’s properties, including cleavage, melting point, and hardness. silicate silica tetrahedron cleavage Diamond Graphite Carbon Structures Covalent bond Most of Earth’s crust consists of silicate minerals. SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals mineral CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineral crystal mineral silicate A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a distinct chemical composition and crystalline structure. silica tetrahedron cleavage SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals crystal CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineral crystal crystal silicate A solid substance in which the atoms or ions are arranged in an orderly pattern that repeats over and over again. silica tetrahedron cleavage SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals silicate CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineral crystal silicate silicate Any mineral that has as its building block a tetrahedron of silicon and oxygen. silica tetrahedron cleavage SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals silica tetrahedron CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineral crystal silica tetrahedron silicate A grouping of one silicon ion and four oxygen ions that forms the basic building block of silicate. silica tetrahedron cleavage SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals cleavage CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineral crystal cleavage silicate The tendency of a mineral to split along planes of its crystalline structure where bonds are weakest. silica tetrahedron cleavage SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.3 Identifying Minerals VOCABULARY A mineral is identified by its properties. Simple inspection reveals a mineral’s crystal shape, color, and luster. mineralogy rock-forming mineral luster streak Mineral Crystal Shape Color Luster lead or silver-gray; may have bluish tint metallic to dull glassy to earthy bright yellow crystals; pale yellow as powder fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.3 Identifying Minerals VOCABULARY Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage, fracture, and hardness. mineralogy rock-forming mineral luster streak Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 gypsum potassium feldspar talc fluorite calcite apatite Reference Mineral quartz corundum topaz diamond Reference Tool fingernail (2.5) glass plate (5.5) copper penny (3.5) steel file (6.5) Moh’s Scale of Hardness fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.3 Identifying Minerals Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.3 Identifying Minerals VOCABULARY Simple tests reveal a mineral’s streak, cleavage, fracture, and hardness. mineralogy rock-forming mineral luster Other ways to identify minerals include finding the specific gravity, chemical testing, and measuring special properties unique to some minerals. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals mineralogy CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral mineralogy luster The study of minerals and their properties. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals rock-forming mineral CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral rock-forming mineral luster A specific group of minerals known to form rocks. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals luster CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral luster luster The property of a mineral that describes the quality or appearance of light reflected from its surface. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals streak CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral streak luster The property of a mineral that describes its color in powdered form. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals fracture CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral fracture luster The property of a mineral that describes an irregular pattern of breakage in a direction other than along cleavage planes. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals specific gravity CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mineralogy rock-forming mineral specific gravity luster The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water; property used to identify minerals. streak fracture specific gravity SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.4 Mineral Groups Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.4 Mineral Groups VOCABULARY and carbonates are the most common minerals in Earth’s crust. Silicates carbonate oxide sulfide Smokey quartz (left) and orthoclase feldspar (right) are examples of silicate minerals. Dolomite is an example of a carbonate mineral. SECTION OUTLINE

5 5.4 Mineral Groups Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME 5.4 Mineral Groups VOCABULARY Silicates and carbonates are the most common minerals in Earth’s crust. carbonate oxide sulfide Quartz and feldspars are the most common silicates. Iron-rich oxides and sulfides are less common but economically important minerals. Hematite is the most common iron oxide. SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals carbonate CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY carbonate oxide carbonate sulfide A nonsilicate mineral that has as its major building block one carbon atom covalently bonded to three oxygen atoms. SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals oxide CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY carbonate oxide oxide sulfide A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen. SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals sulfide CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY carbonate oxide sulfide sulfide A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with sulfur. SECTION OUTLINE

5 Atoms to Minerals I. Matter and Atoms A. Matter CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY I. Matter and Atoms element A. Matter atomic number B. Structure of an Atom isotope 1. Nucleus mass number 2. Electrons and Energy Levels compound C. Classifying Atoms molecule D. Bonding of Atoms ion 1. Covalent Bonds metal 2. Ionic Bonds nonmetal 3. Metallic Bonds 4. Compounds and Mixtures KEY IDEA SUMMARY

5 Atoms to Minerals II. Matter and Atoms A. What is a Mineral? CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY II. Matter and Atoms mineral A. What is a Mineral? crystal B. How Minerals Form silicate C. Structure of Minerals silica tetrahedron 1. Crystal Structure cleavage 2. Silicates 3. Crystal Structure and Physical Properties KEY IDEA SUMMARY

III. Identifying Minerals CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY III. Identifying Minerals mineralogy A. Rock-Forming Minerals rock-forming mineral B. Identifying Minerals by Inspection luster C. Testing Mineral Specimens streak D. Special Properties of Minerals fracture specific gravity KEY IDEA SUMMARY

5 Atoms to Minerals IV. Mineral Groups A. Major Silicates 1. Quartz CHAPTER 5 Atoms to Minerals CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY IV. Mineral Groups carbonate A. Major Silicates oxide 1. Quartz sulfide 2. Feldspars 3. Other Silicates B. Carbonates C. Oxides and Sulfides KEY IDEA SUMMARY

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