Principles of Chemistry CHE Bryan Spiegelberg x Nobel Hall Class: MTWF, 11:30 – 12:20 Final Exam: –Monday, Dec. 18 th, 10:30 – 12:30

Add me to ‘favorites’ –(just go to the chem department home page on gustavus.edu) Class materials…up-to-date syllabi, review exams, powerpoint files, homework assignments, etc.

See me Office hours (208 Nobel): –Mondays 9 – 10am –Weds 1:30 – 2:30pm Make an appointment –Phone/ Or stop by/catch me unannounced 30 minutes before class/lab probably isn’t a good time

Course Structure Lab/Lecture coordination –Lab illustrates concepts learned in lecture –Introduces you to important experimental skills *Lab material is fair game for exams You can’t pass the course without passing the lab section

Homework: –Assignments posted during class & on my website –Problems must be handwritten (show work!) –Turn in to me at my office (or under the door) –Due by 5 pm or else! Usually due on Fridays (notable exception: this week) Course Structure

Exams: –Five one-hour exams, each 10% of total grade –Comprehensive-ish –Known conflicts must be pre-cleared with me –Two hour comprehensive final (20% of total) Course Structure

Tips & Strategies Read, read, read –Know the lingo: vocabulary words –Follow the examples: work along! Attend class –Lab attendance = mandatory –Class attendance = expected/important I will take attendance for my own information

Work together / Help each other Make use of available resources –Tutors: NHS 305 Sunday – Wednesday7-10pm Thursday7-11pm Have fun! Tips & Strategies

Principles of Chemistry OrganicInorganicPhysicalAnalyticalBiochemistry The five major subdivisions of the field of chemistry: This course is a little bit of everything; a foundation for all future chemistry courses and other sciences…

How do “principles of chemistry” relate to other sciences? Biology and Medicine Acids and bases Drugs and vaccines Aqueous reactions Environmental studies Aqueous reactions Fossil fuels Alternative energy

Geology and Materials Solubility and precipitation Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals Metals Physics Atomic structure Intermolecular forces Energy 1.1 How do “principles of chemistry” relate to other sciences?

Chemistry is a systematic and experimental endeavor Do experiments Read the literature Communicate our observations Need a common language

The scientific method is a systematic approach to research A law is a concise statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of observations tested modified A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them. (More observations) e = mc 2 Theory of relativity

Observation: Apples fall from trees Hypothesis: Apples ‘fly’ to the ground Test: ‘Kill’ apple on tree Does it still fall to the ground? YES

Observation: Apples fall from trees Hypothesis: Earth’s gravity pulls the apples Test & Retests are consistent with the hypothesis Laws Theory

Common Language: Working with Numbers

Working with numbers Gen Chem edition Units…what is a quantity measuring? –I’m 16 away from home Miles? Hours? Simplifying numbers: –Use of prefixes –Scientific notation Dimensional analysis –Comparing/converting units

International System (SI) of Units Chemists’ (Scientists’) common language

Simplifying numbers…Prefixes 30 mm is how many meters (m) ? Simplify 30,000 m.

Simplifying numbers: Scientific Notation The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000, x The mass of a single carbon atom in grams: x N x 10 n N is a number between 1 and 10 n is a positive or negative integer

Scientific Notation n > = x 10 2 move decimal left n < = 7.72 x move decimal right Addition or Subtraction 1.Write each quantity with the same exponent n 2.Combine N 1 and N 2 3.The exponent, n, remains the same 4.31 x x 10 3 = 4.31 x x 10 4 = 4.70 x 10 4 N x 10 n

Scientific Notation Multiplication 1.Multiply N 1 and N 2 2.Add exponents n 1 and n 2 (4.0 x ) x (7.0 x 10 3 ) = (4.0 x 7.0) x ( ) = 28 x = 2.8 x Division 1.Divide N 1 and N 2 2.Subtract exponents n 1 and n x 10 4 ÷ 5.0 x 10 9 = (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x = 1.7 x ,000 x =4.2 x 10 2

Dimensional analysis –Convert units 3.5 days = x seconds ? Working with numbers Gen Chem edition

1.9 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems 1.Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed 2.Carry units through calculation 3.If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved correctly. 1 L = 1000 mL How many mL are in 1.63 L? 1L 1000 mL 1.63 L x = 1630 mL 1L 1000 mL 1.63 L x = L2L2 mL

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour? 1 mi = 1609 m1 min = 60 s1 hour = 60 min 343 m s x 1 mi 1609 m 60 s 1 min x 60 min 1 hour x = 767 mi hour meters to miles seconds to hours 1.9 How many seconds in 3.5 days? x 10 5 seconds

Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m 3 1 g/cm 3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m 3 density = mass volume d = m V A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm 3 has a volume of 4.49 cm 3. What is its mass? d = m V m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm 3 x 4.49 cm 3 = 96.5 g

Homework assignment Due 9/11/06 Chapter 1 –18, 22, 32, 39, 46, 50, 55, 66