Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20081 On PRISMA project (proposal) Yuri V. Stenkin INR RAS.

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Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20081 On PRISMA project (proposal) Yuri V. Stenkin INR RAS

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20082 The Project aims Why PRISMA? PRImary Spectrum Measurement Array The main aim is: TO SOLVE THE “KNEE PROBLEM” Other aims: –cosmic rays spectra and mass composition –cosmic ray sources –applied Geophysical measurements

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20083 History & Motivation Why we need a new project? 1. The “knee problem” is a milestone of cosmic ray physics. 2. Very few experiments have been designed specially for that and KASCADE (KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector) is the best one. 3. The problem still exists.

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20084 EAS method

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' The “knee problem” The problem is exactly 50-years old! In 1958 there was published a paper (G.V. Kulikov & G.B. Khristiansen) claiming the knee existence in cosmic ray energy spectrum. They observed a sharp change of slope in EAS size spectrum and proposed a model describing this effect as an evidence of existence of 2 sources of c. r.: Galactic and Metagalactic ones. But, from the beginning and up to now there exist alternative explanations of this effect (S.I.Nikolsky, Kazanas & Nikolaidis, A.A.Petrukhin, Yu.V. Stenkin).

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20086 Examples of alternative explanations E Petrukhin Stenkin New processes knee Primary energy EAS energy Missing energy Primary energy Primary energy knee EAS method systematic

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20087 Depth in atmosphere No of particles From Hayakawa manual on cosmic ray physics EAS components equilibrium Break of equilibrium Break in attenuation “knee” in N e spectrum

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'20088 When the break occurs? At E~100 TeV / nucleon For p: 100 TeV For Fe: 5 PeV (just the knee region) For details see: Yu.Stenkin, Yadernaya Phys., 71 (2008), 99 This figures are sequences of : L int = 90 g/cm 2 in air the Earth’s atmosphere thickness =1030 g/ cm 2 (depending on altitude)

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Existing experiments KASCADE It gave many interesting results. BUT, it did not answer the question on the knee origin and thus, It has not solved the knee problem! Moreover, the problem became even less clear…. (see G. Schatz. Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba, (2003), 97 or Yu. Stenkin. Proc. 29th ICRC, Pune (2005), v.6, 621)

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' KASCADE -> KASCADE-Grande

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' KASCADE hadronic calorimeter

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' KASCADE group connected visible knee in PeV region with c. r. protons. - Nobody saw this. C. R. should consist only of heavy nuclei at   eV or one has to adjust many parameters to make full compensation. - Nobody saw this. It contradicts emulsion chamber experiments (Pamir) and air luminescence data (Hi Res). Tibet AS experiment results contradict this hypothesis: they connect the knee with iron primary. In this case there should be the iron knee at E~10 17 eV.

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Compilation of experimental data (astro-ph/ )

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' KASCADE EAS h-size spectra “knee”???

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' A. Haungs, J. Kempa et al. (KASCADE) Report FZKA6105 (1998 ); Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 75A (1999), 248

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' to make a device based on new principles (asymmetrical answer) KASCADE is very precise classical instrument for EAS study. It would be difficult and useless to try to make better array. On my opinion the only way is:

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' PRISMA would be the answer. PRISMA Prism

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' New principles The main EAS component is: hadrons Therefore, let us concentrate mostly on the hadronic component Bun, instead of huge and expensive hadron calorimeter of fixed area, let us make simple, inexpensive and of unlimited area detector. How this could be done?

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' New Methods 2 new methods have been developed in our Lab. 1st method is based on thermal neutrons “vapour” accompanying EAS

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'200820

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' en-detector design PMT housing 6 Li(n,a) 3 H+4.8 MeV 160,000 photons per capture ZnS(Ag) is a unique scintillator for heavy particles detection: plastic Scintillator: ZnS(Ag)+ 6 LiF Similar to that using in neutron imaging technique

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' The detector is almost insensitive to single charged particles. But, it can measure the number N of charged particles if N>5.

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Thermal neutron time distributions Multicom Prototype, BaksanPrisma prototype, Moscow

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Another advantage of this detector is a possibility to measure thermal neutron flux of low intensity and its variations

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' d new method: The Muon Detector as a 1-layer hadronic calorimeter:

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR'  core  m2m2  jet  m 2 This picture represents a density map as measured by Carpet (left, shown in LOG scale) and by MD (right, linear scale in relativistic particles). (Detector in the center show a particle density of ρc=8*1.1252/0.5=5800 m -2. jet of (26+17)/2=21.5 particles per m 2 in MD. Jet size is very narrow (~1 m) with normal rather low density around it and second: the distance from the EAS core is large enough and equal to 48 m.

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Preliminary Baksan data: hadrons at R=47m

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Preliminary data Muon/hadron ratio distribution

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Carpet: 400*1m 2 en-detectors grid with spacing of 5 m Central muon detector: 400*1m 2 plastic scinillators Muon detector tunnels: 1200*1m 2 plastic scintillators Outer trigger detectors: 4*25*1m 2 plastic scintillators

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' M-C simulations. CORSIKA (HDPM, Gheisha6)

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Ne= Nmu= 794 E0/1TeV= x0= y0= TETA= FI= Z= Part_type= 5626 M-C simulations. CORSIKA (HDPM, Gheisha6)+array A map of an event in neutrons

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' M-C

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Main features: Range in primary energy: from ~10 TeV to ~30 PeV energy resolution: ~ 10% angular resolution: ~ 1 o core location:< 2.5 m capability to measure independently: N e, N h, N 

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Location Collaboration Institutions budget altitude (high altitude is preferable) It depends on:

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Involved Institutions: 1. Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow 2. MEPhI, Moscow 3. Skobeltsyn Institute, MSU, Moscow To be continued... The collaboration is open for other participants. You are welcome!

Yu. Stenkin, UHECR' Thank you!