 It is the body of knowledge and the way of knowing things  What is the difference between English as a body of language and Science?  How do we “know” things?

 Aka Biology  The study of living things in the environment  What kind of “things”?

 When heating a material in a test tube:  Always wear goggles when using chemicals.  never put a stopper in the tube  point tube away from you  glassware: The Laboratory beaker test tube flasks Graduated cylinder- always read volume at meniscus

 Lab Safety Rap Lab Safety Rap  Current EVENTS- Lab Safety Current EVENTS- Lab Safety

 1. What is the difference between a flask and a beaker?  2. What is a meniscus?  3. Why is lab safety so important?

Laboratory equipment: Centrifuge/ultracentrifuge- machine that spins specimens at high speeds which separates the materials w/in the specimen according to density  heaviest materials settle to the bottom Micro-dissection Instruments- surgical instruments that cut apart microscopic things (ex. removing a nucleus from a cell) Incubator- keeps specimens warm (premature babies, cell samples)  can be used to separate out cell parts (nucleus from ribosomes…)

Chromatography-  “chrom” = color  process in which a substance (ink, chlorophyll) is separated into its component parts/colors  The rate at which the components move/separate are unique to the substance being tested  By comparing the separation of the unknown substances to that of a known substance, an identification may be made.

Triple Beam Balance Measures in grams Mass is different than weight! Ruler Remember to use the metric (cm) side of the ruler, not the inches side! 1 cm = 10 mm

Gel Electrophoresis Used in crime investigation, paternity testing and genetic research

 Define the problem/ question  Hypothesis to explain  Test with a controlled experiment  Generate data to form inferences and conclusions

 A question you are trying to answer or problem you want to investigate A control : the setup that remains the same through the experiment; provides a comparison

 A variable-the element/factor that changes in the experiment (amount of sun, water) -a valid experiment tests only ONE variable at a time variable that does not depend on a factor in the experiment (ex. time, days) relies on the independent variable ex) plant growth depends on time, time does not depend on plant growth independent- dependent-  A hypothesis- possible answer to the question you are asking often posed as an “if…then…” statement

 An observation-what you see happening; provides data for analysis  A conclusion-Sums up the findings. Scientists use the data to determine whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted  Sample size- Refers to the # of organisms being tested. The larger the sample size, the more valid the results are.

 Variables  Control  Large sample size  Repeating the experiment with the same results as were previous found- what does this do?

Length Mass Volume Temperature km, cm, mm Grams Liters, milliliters Celsius, Kelvin Have the same scale Celsius is based on where water freezes (0° C) and boils (100° C) Kelvin is based on absolute zero

 Scientists record lab observations and measurements in an orderly manner  Using data tables and line graphs (sometimes bar graphs too!)  Line graphs are used to show relationships between two variables.  independent variable- horizontal, or x-axis  Dependent variable- vertical, or y-axis