Prologue Physical Setting Earth Science Review Book pp.7-17 Image taken from libertyunion.schoolwires.net on 8/13/12.

Objective #1 What is classification? What is classification?

Classification Grouping of similar events or objects based on their observable properties Grouping of similar events or objects based on their observable properties Examples: Examples: Food in a grocery store  Books in a library 

Objective #2 Describe the difference between observations and inferences. Describe the difference between observations and inferences.

Observations Observations involve the interaction of a person’s senses with the environment. Observations involve the interaction of a person’s senses with the environment. What are the five senses? What are the five senses? –sight, smell, – hearing, –taste, touch Info taken from misshaleysclassroom.blogspot.com on 8/13/12.

Sensory Perception Sensory perception is using your senses to gather data. Sensory perception is using your senses to gather data. Sensory perception is another way of saying “making an observation.” Sensory perception is another way of saying “making an observation.” Image taken from bryanthechen.blogspot.com on 8/13/12.

Instruments Since our powers of observation are limited, we use instruments. Since our powers of observation are limited, we use instruments. Instruments are used to extend our senses. Instruments are used to extend our senses. Geiger Counters measure radioactivity. Seismographs measure earthquake waves.

Our sense of sight is limited so we use many instruments to help our eyes. Our sense of sight is limited so we use many instruments to help our eyes. Hubble Space Telescope

Inferences Interpretations based on observable properties Interpretations based on observable properties Phineas (orange hair) makes inferences after observing Ferb (green hair). Image taken from speechroomnews.blogspot.com on 8/13/12.

Other terms for inference: Interpretation Interpretation Conclusion Conclusion Hypothesis Hypothesis Educated Guess Educated Guess In the study of science, inferences may become “facts” because of the discovery of additional collaborating evidence. This collaborating evidence comes from follow up scientific experiments and research that support the hypothesis or inference. Image taken from ralphpatterson.com on 8/13/12.

Objectives #3 & #4 Define measurement and give examples. Define measurement and give examples. Be able to use the basics of the metric system. Why are metrics easier and important? Be able to use the basics of the metric system. Why are metrics easier and important?

Measurements Describe the properties of objects numerically containing at least one basic dimensional quantity. Describe the properties of objects numerically containing at least one basic dimensional quantity. Or simply: a number with a label Or simply: a number with a label = 5.0 cm

Metric System Decimal system of units for measuring used internationally Decimal system of units for measuring used internationally Why is the use of the metric system encouraged? Why is the use of the metric system encouraged? Image taken from directglobalfulfillment.com on 8/13/12.

It is international. Image taken from wikipedia on 8/13/12.

It is based on ten’s so it is easier for converting. Image taken from woodrow.org on 8/13/12.

Objective #5 Explain the 5 basic measurement quantities. Explain the 5 basic measurement quantities.

5 Basic Measurement Quantities Mass Mass Weight Weight Length Length Time Time Temperature Temperature

Mass- amount of material an object contains. Mass- amount of material an object contains. Measured in kilograms Measured in kilograms Measured with triple-beam balance or electronic balance. Measured with triple-beam balance or electronic balance.

Weight- pull of gravity on an object. Weight- pull of gravity on an object. Measured in newtons using a scale. Measured in newtons using a scale. Image taken from onlinephys.com on 8/13/12.

Length- distance between any two points. Length- distance between any two points. Measure in meters using a meterstick. Yes, a ruler can also be used with smaller metric units like cm or mm. Measure in meters using a meterstick. Yes, a ruler can also be used with smaller metric units like cm or mm.

Time- measurable period during which an action, process or condition exists, continues or occurred. Time- measurable period during which an action, process or condition exists, continues or occurred. In lab class, we will measure time in minutes and seconds using a stopwatch. In lab class, we will measure time in minutes and seconds using a stopwatch. Basic Units of Time, Day and Year, are based on the motions of the Earth. See ESRT p.15. Basic Units of Time, Day and Year, are based on the motions of the Earth. See ESRT p.15.

Temperature- measure of the average kinetic energy (KE) of the particles of a substance Temperature- measure of the average kinetic energy (KE) of the particles of a substance In lab class we will measure metrically in Celsius with a thermometer. Can also be measured in Fahrenheit or Kelvin. In lab class we will measure metrically in Celsius with a thermometer. Can also be measured in Fahrenheit or Kelvin.

Dimensional Quantities & Comparisions Some properties of matter cannot be measured by a basic, single unit of measurement. Instead, mathematical combinations of the basic quantities must be used. Some properties of matter cannot be measured by a basic, single unit of measurement. Instead, mathematical combinations of the basic quantities must be used. Examples: Examples:

Objective #6 Why is percent error helpful and can you solve a percent error problem? Why is percent error helpful and can you solve a percent error problem?

Percent Deviation or Error Mathematical expression of a calculated error in percent. Mathematical expression of a calculated error in percent. Valuable in showing how close your answer is to a known value. Valuable in showing how close your answer is to a known value. Formula (Not on ESRT): Formula (Not on ESRT):

Objective #7 What is density and can you solve a density problem? What is density and can you solve a density problem?

Density Measure of how concentrated matter is. Measure of how concentrated matter is. Formula (ESRT p.1): Formula (ESRT p.1): Labels for density are two dimensional such as g/mL or g/cm 3 or g/cc Labels for density are two dimensional such as g/mL or g/cm 3 or g/cc

The density of a uniform material is independent of size and shape of the material. The density of a uniform material is independent of size and shape of the material. For example, cutting the sample in half, the density will remain the same. For example, cutting the sample in half, the density will remain the same.

Objective #8 Interpret a mass-volume graph. Interpret a mass-volume graph.

Mass-Volume Graphs Slope= rise/run or Δy/Δx Slope= rise/run or Δy/Δx Image taken from physicstutorials.org on 8/13/12.

Objective #9, 10 & 11 What are the 3 phases of matter and explain their differences! What are the 3 phases of matter and explain their differences! What factors can and can not affect the density of a substance? What factors can and can not affect the density of a substance? Describe the phase of matter in which the density of most materials is at a maximum and explain how that is different for water. Why is this so special? Describe the phase of matter in which the density of most materials is at a maximum and explain how that is different for water. Why is this so special?

Phases of Matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas A fourth phase of matter, Plasma, makes up the Sun and other stars. Image taken from cse.ssl.berkeley.edu on 8/13/12.

The three phases of matter depend on the pressure or temperature in which the material is placed. The three phases of matter depend on the pressure or temperature in which the material is placed. Image taken from rockingham.k12.va.us on 8/13/12. Gas Liquid Solid

Lowering temperature or raising pressure, matter generally changes from gas to liquid to solid. Lowering temperature or raising pressure, matter generally changes from gas to liquid to solid. Image taken from chem.ufl.edu on 8/13/12.

Raising temperature or lowering pressure, matter generally changes from solid to liquid to gas. Raising temperature or lowering pressure, matter generally changes from solid to liquid to gas. Image taken from faculty.sdmiramar.edu on 8/13/12.

Density and Phases of Matter The density of a gas varies with temperature and/or pressure. The density of a gas varies with temperature and/or pressure.

When temperature increases, density decreases. When temperature increases, density decreases. Why? Why? Increasing temperature (kinetic energy) causes the gas particles to move faster, collide more often and spread out. When they have expanded or spread out, this decreases the density. Same change in density when pressure decreases.

When pressure increases, density increases. When pressure increases, density increases. Why? Why? When pressure is increased, this causes gas particles to get closer together (compressed) which makes them more dense. Same change in density when temperature decreases

Maximum density of most materials is in the solid phase. In order of decreasing density, 1 st -Solid, 2 nd -Liquid and 3 rd -Gas In order of decreasing density, 1 st -Solid, 2 nd -Liquid and 3 rd -Gas Image taken from jmsalsich.edublogs.org on 8/13/12.

The maximum density of water is reached when it occurs in the liquid phase. The maximum density of water is reached when it occurs in the liquid phase. Solid water (ice) floats on liquid water, therefore ice is less dense than liquid water. Solid water (ice) floats on liquid water, therefore ice is less dense than liquid water. Why??? Why??? Icebergs float on water Image taken from hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu on 8/13/12.

When water molecules freeze, they expand as they form hexagonal crystals. This expansion actually makes the molecules farther apart in the solid phase. When water molecules freeze, they expand as they form hexagonal crystals. This expansion actually makes the molecules farther apart in the solid phase.

Water freezes at 0 o Celsius. Water freezes at 0 o Celsius. Water has a maximum density of 1.00g/mL at 4 o C Water has a maximum density of 1.00g/mL at 4 o C Image taken from hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu on 8/13/12.

What are some consequences that result from water being an exception to the maximum density rule? What are some consequences that result from water being an exception to the maximum density rule?

Objective #12 Describe types of change and give examples of each. Describe types of change and give examples of each.

Characteristics of Change Change is a natural state. The Earth is dynamic, meaning constantly changing. Change is to be expected, for it is the natural state of the universe. Change is a natural state. The Earth is dynamic, meaning constantly changing. Change is to be expected, for it is the natural state of the universe. Any change in an Earth system or object can be described as the occurrence of an event. Any change in an Earth system or object can be described as the occurrence of an event. Eruption of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica Image taken from universetoday.com on 8/13/12.

Events may occur suddenly. Events may occur suddenly. Image taken from kidsgeo.com on 8/13/12. Image taken from en.wikipedia.org on 8/13/12. Image taken from starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov on 8/13/12. Shooting Stars (Meteors) Landslides Lightning Strike

Events may take very long periods of time. Events may take very long periods of time. Image taken from america/us/wyoming/rocky-mountains on 8/13/12. Mountain Formation Image taken from moorlandschool.co.uk on 8/13/12. Movement of Continents Image taken from grand.canyon.national-park.com on 8/13/12. Formation of Grand Canyon

Objective #13 What are variables and how are they placed on a graph? What are variables and how are they placed on a graph?

Graphing-A Way to Show Data Variables- factors involved in change. Variables- factors involved in change.  When making a graph, the variable you know before you begin is graphed on the horizontal axis of the graph. This variable is called the independent variable.  The dependent variable is placed on the vertical axis. Image taken from mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov on 8/13/12.

Steepness of graph indicates rate of change. Steepness of graph indicates rate of change. Steeper the line, the greater the rate of change Steeper the line, the greater the rate of change Flatter the line, the slower the rate of change Flatter the line, the slower the rate of change Image taken from chestysoft.com on 8/13/12.

Objective #14 Interpret different sloped graphs and the 3 types of graphical relationships. Interpret different sloped graphs and the 3 types of graphical relationships.

Direct Relationship Both variables change in same direction. Both variables change in same direction. Either both variables increase or both will decrease. Either both variables increase or both will decrease.

Inverse Relationship One variable increases as the other decreases. One variable increases as the other decreases.

Cyclic Relationship A predictable change that occurs in a repeating pattern. A predictable change that occurs in a repeating pattern. Image taken from theseashore.org.uk on 8/13/12. Image taken from serc.carleton.edu on 8/13/12.

Many changes in the environment are cyclic. Cyclic changes involve events that repeat in space and time. Many changes in the environment are cyclic. Cyclic changes involve events that repeat in space and time. Other terms used to describe cyclic changes are repeating, predictable, orderly Other terms used to describe cyclic changes are repeating, predictable, orderly

One-direction Events Not all changes are cyclic. Non-cyclic are called one-direction events. Not all changes are cyclic. Non-cyclic are called one-direction events. One-directional events can also be called unpredictable, non-repeating or non-cyclic. Image taken from the-shooting-star.com on 8/13/12. Shooting Star (Meteor) Rusting

Objectives #15 & 16 What is the relationship of energy to change? What is the relationship of energy to change? Explain how the environment can change and still be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Explain how the environment can change and still be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Energy Flow and Exchange Energy flow is the cause of change. Energy flow is the cause of change. When environmental change occurs, energy is lost by one part of the environment, the source, and gained in another part called the sink. When environmental change occurs, energy is lost by one part of the environment, the source, and gained in another part called the sink. This change from source to sink occurs simultaneously or at the same time. This change from source to sink occurs simultaneously or at the same time. Image taken from physics.louisville.edu on 8/13/12.

Interface The exchange of energy (gain and loss) occurs at an interface between the affected parts of the environment. The exchange of energy (gain and loss) occurs at an interface between the affected parts of the environment. An interface is a location or boundary. An interface is a location or boundary. Image taken from sci.uidaho.edu on 8/13/12.

Predictability of Change If there is enough evidence and knowledge about a particular environmental change, it may be possible to predict the scope and direction that future changes will take. If there is enough evidence and knowledge about a particular environmental change, it may be possible to predict the scope and direction that future changes will take. What season is next?

General events are fairly predictable. General events are fairly predictable. Image taken from aa.usno.navy.mil on 8/13/12. Low Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica High Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica

Individual occurrences are much more difficult to precisely predict. Individual occurrences are much more difficult to precisely predict. It is easier to make accurate predictions when there are many observations and few variables involved in the change. It is easier to make accurate predictions when there are many observations and few variables involved in the change.

Environmental Balance state of equilibrium- tendency to remain unchanged. state of equilibrium- tendency to remain unchanged.

Dynamic Equilibrium A balance between two opposing processes going on at the same rate in a system. A balance between two opposing processes going on at the same rate in a system. Examples: Examples: Image taken from drroyspencer.com on 8/13/12. Image taken from tomatosphere.org on 8/13/12.