Property of Lear Siegler 1

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PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 3

Property of Lear Siegler TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of this lesson, the student will: ACTION: Demonstrate an understanding of the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. CONDITION: In a classroom environment given information on the pressure instruments and the atmosphere. STANDARD: Answer questions pertaining to the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. Receive a “GO” by correctly answering the required number of questions on criterion referenced examination

A: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the characteristics of the standard atmosphere Condition: Given information about the standard atmosphere Standard: IAW FM and FAA-H A, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Property of Lear Siegler 5

The “Standard Atmosphere” “A hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which by international or national agreement is taken to be representative of the atmosphere for the purpose of altimeter calibrations, aircraft design, performance calculations, etc.” Property of Lear Siegler 6

29.92” Property of Lear Siegler 53,000 18,000 Sea Level 50% 90% Sea Level 7

MSL 29.92”Hg 1000’ 28.92”Hg 2000’ 27.92”Hg 3000’ 26.92”Hg 4000’ 25.92”Hg 5000’ 24.92”Hg Standard Pressure Lapse Rate 1” Hg per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 7500’ 22.42”Hg 8

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C Standard Temp Lapse Rate 2°C per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 7500’ 0°C 9

29.92”Hg 15°C AIR DENSITY 29.92”Hg 15°C 28.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 23°C Property of Lear Siegler 10

Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 11

AIR DENSITY Press Hum Temp GoodBad H L L L H H 12

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 13

B: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the pressures used in the pitot static system Condition: Given information about the pitot static system pressures Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 14

Weight of a column of air Static Pressure -- Impact Pressure -- Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler Dynamic Pressure – Additional pressure caused by aircraft in motion 15

Stagnation point Property of Lear Siegler 16

Static pressure only Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler Note: Impact = Ram = Total = Pitot Pressure 17

Impact pressure = Property of Lear Siegler Static pressure only Static + Dynamic 18

LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler HEATER Construction of the Pitot System 19

Construction of the Pitot System Notice that the Pitot Tube goes only to airspeed indicator! The Static Pressure is vented to all three instruments. 20

Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Airspeed Indicator is connected to the Pitot Tube. It only senses Pitot Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure. 21

Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Vertical Speed Indicator is vented to Static Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure through a calibrated leak. 22

Construction of the Pitot System The aneroids in the Altimeter are sealed. The case is vented to Static Pressure. 23

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 24

C: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 25

AIRSPEED INDICATOR Property of Lear Siegler 26

LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 27

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler 28

Property of Lear Siegler 29

Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler 30

Impact pressure = Static + Density x Velocity  Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler 31

Property of Lear Siegler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 32

D: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information on the uses of the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 33

Uses for the airspeed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Keep aircraft within “Never Exceed Speed" 2: Determine best operational speed for best climb, best endurance, and best range 3: Determine rate of movement for navigation 4: Aircraft attitude Airspeed fast-Pitch attitude low Airspeed low-Pitch attitude high 34

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 35

E: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about airspeed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 36

ERRORS Instrument Error – Minor, caused by friction Property of Lear Siegler Installation Error – Caused by misalignment of the pitot tube and/or the static vents with the relative wind Density Error – Caused by changes in air density 37

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 38

F: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of airspeed Condition: Given information about types of airspeed Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 39

Types of Airspeed TAS – True Airspeed - Calibrated Airspeed corrected for density error CAS – Calibrated Airspeed – I ndicated Airspeed corrected for installation error Property of Lear Siegler IAS – Indicated Airspeed – read from the airspeed indicator 40

Estimating True Airspeed True Air Speed (TAS) increases over Indicated Air Speed (IAS) at the rate of two percent per thousand feet “Aircraft climbing at a constant IAS will be increasing its velocity or TAS because of decreasing air density.” FM REMEMBER… True airspeed will always be more than IAS with altitude! Property of Lear Siegler 41

Property of Lear Siegler TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, CALIBRATED AIRSPEED (CAS) IS LESS THAN TAS. 42

Property of Lear Siegler CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE. 43

Property of Lear Siegler 44

Airspeed Indicator in Review… Property of Lear Siegler Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and the types of airspeed? 45

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 46

G: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the operation of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 47

Vertical Speed Indicator Property of Lear Siegler 48

LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 49

PITOT TUBE STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 50

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 51

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 52

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 53

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 54

Vertical Speed Indicator Property of Lear Siegler 55

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 56

H: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the uses of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 57

Uses of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Determine rate of climb or descent 2: Trend instrument-shows attitude changes immediately when in level flight 58

Vertical Speed Indicator Preflight Check Property of Lear Siegler 59

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 60

I: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with use of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about vertical speed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 61

Errors of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak 62

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 63

Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 64

Errors of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak 2: Erratic in rough air 65

Vertical Speed Indicator in Review… Property of Lear Siegler Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and preflight procedures ? 66

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 67

Vertical Speed Indicator - Identify the pressures used and the errors. Property of Lear Siegler 68

J: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the operational characteristics of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 69

ALTIMETER Property of Lear Siegler 70

ELO #5. ALTIMETER Identify the pressures used, purpose of the Kollsman window and the amount of error present with an incorrect Kollsman setting, and the use of the altimeter Property of Lear Siegler 71

LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 72

PITOT TUBE STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 73

Property of Lear Siegler Aneroid wafers sealed at factory 74

Dial – three pointers How to Read 75

10,000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 2000’ 76

1,000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 200’ 77

100’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 20’ 78

1,040’ 79

8,000’ 80

18,980’ 81

Questions? Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 82

Kollsman window – corrects for atmospheric pressure changes 28.00”Hg to 31.00”Hg 83

Set field elevation ATIS – “Altimeter setting three zero two four” 84

1”Hg change = 1000’change in altitude.10”Hg change = 100’ change in altitude.01”Hg change = 10’ change in altitude 85

AIMS Counter Drum Pointer ATC Radar Beacon System Identification Friend or Foe MARK 12 SYSTEM 86

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Property of Lear Siegler 88

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 89

K: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the uses of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 90

Uses of the altimeter Property of Lear Siegler Terrain clearance – MEF & OROCA Vertical separation – Hemispherical Rule Attitude control – Instrument Flying 91

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 92

L: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of altitude Condition: Given information about the types of altitude Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 93

Identify the types of altitude a. Indicated b. True c. Absolute d. Pressure (PA) e. Density (DA) Property of Lear Siegler 94

Indicated Altitude Read from instrument with correctly set Kollsman window (sea level pressure). Property of Lear Siegler 95

True Altitude – Altitude above Mean Sea level MSL 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 96

MSL Absolute Altitude – Altitude above the surface (AGL) Property of Lear Siegler 97

MSL Pressure Altitude (PA) – Altitude above the standard datum plane Standard datum plane 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 98

MSL Standard datum plane Standard Day True Altitude Pressure Altitude = 1000’ Pressure Altitude Property of Lear Siegler 99

MSL True Altitude Standard datum plane ’ Pressure Altitude 660’ Pressure Altitude Indicated Altitude Property of Lear Siegler 100

Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 101

Max torque available, max gross weight,and performance are all affected by Density Altitude Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING Density Altitude (DA) : Is the density corresponding to a given altitude in a standard atmosphere. 102

Density Altitude (DA) : Pressure Altitude corrected for non standard temperature Property of Lear Siegler DA = PA + (120 T v ) PA = Pressure Altitude T v = Temperature Variation 103

Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 104

29.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 32°C MSL 2040’ PA Property of Lear Siegler 105

29.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 32°C MSL 2040’ Property of Lear Siegler 106

29.92”Hg 32°C29.92”Hg 15°C MSL Tv of 17° = { } PA=2000’ Tv of 1° = 120’ 28°C 2040’ Property of Lear Siegler 11 o C DA = 4040’ 107

29.92”Hg 32°C29.92”Hg 15°C MSL { } PA=2000’ 28°C 11°C DA = 4040’ Property of Lear Siegler 108

Property of Lear Siegler 109

PA = 0’ OAT = 36° DA = 2500’ Property of Lear Siegler 110

Property of Lear Siegler DA = PA + (120 Tv ) PA = Pressure Altitude Tv = Temperature Variation 111

3. Determine Standard Temp for the PA 1. Determine PA PA = 1000’ 2. Determine OAT OAT = 14°C Stand Temp = 13°C Tv = OAT - Stand Temp Tv = OAT – Stand Temp Tv = 14° - 13° Tv = 1 o Tv = +1° 4. Determine Temp Variation (Tv ) DA = PA + (120 T v ) DA = (120 X 1 ) DA = DA = 1120’ MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Property of Lear Siegler 112

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 3000’ OAT = 0°C Stand Temp = 9°C Tv = OAT - Stand Temp Tv = 0° - 9° Tv = -9° 2. Determine Temp Variation (Tv ) DA = PA + (120 T v ) 1. Determine Standard Temp for 3000’ DA = 3000’ + (120 X - 9 ) DA = 3000’ + (-1080 ) DA = 1920’ Property of Lear Siegler 113

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 6000’ OAT = 5°C OAT is Higher than standard DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler 114

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C OAT is Lower than standard DA is Lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler 115

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 5000’ OAT = 5°C DA = PA +120’ Property of Lear Siegler One hour later OAT = 6°C 116

PA AND STAN TEMP HIGHER THAN STAN TEMP LOWER THAN STAN TEMP DA = PA + (120’ TV) DA HIGHER THAN PA DA LOWER THAN PA 117

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 118

M: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the use of the altimeter Condition: Given information about altimeter errors Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 119

Altimeter errors a. Instrument / Mechanical Error b. Pressure Error c. Temperature Error Property of Lear Siegler 120

MSL True Altitude 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Instrument Error 1000’Field Elevation Caused by friction inside instrument 121

MSL True Altitude 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Instrument Error hg” “Altimeter three zero two four” =.02 = 20 foot error 1000’Field Elevation Maximum Error + / - 70 ft 122

Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error – caused when flying into areas that have different altimeter settings than those set in the Kollsman window. 123

TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 124

Property of Lear Siegler H L I T 125

TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 126

Property of Lear Siegler L H T I 127

Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp Colder Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 128

Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp Colder Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 129

TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error Standard temp Warmer Colder 130

= 500’ Standard ALT Reads 500’ True ALT 500’ ALT reads 500’ True Alt is LOW Cold = 500’ ALT reads 500’ True ALT is HIGH True Altitude 500’ MSL = 500’ Hot MSL 131

Property of Lear Siegler 132

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 6000’ OAT = 20°C True Alt. is Higher than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler 133

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 4000’ OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler 134

MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 5000’ OAT = 5°C Indicated Altitude = True altitude Property of Lear Siegler 135

IALT, STAN TEMP AND STAN PRESSURE HIGHER THAN STAN LOWER THAN STAN HIGH TO LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW, LOW TO HIGH, CLEAR THE SKY! TALT HIGHER THAN IALT TALT LOWER THAN IALT LOW TO HIGH TO LOW HIGH 136

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 137

N: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify pitot static system malfunctions Condition: Given information about pitot static system malfunctions Standard: IAW FM Property of Lear Siegler 138

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 139

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 140

Property of Lear Siegler 141

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 142

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 143

Altimeter – No change in indication 144

VSI – Level off at zero 145

Property of Lear Siegler Airspeed Indicator – opposite of clogged pitot tube 146

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 147

Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 148

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The end 151

STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone 152

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0 C H 0 2 M N GD TX 156 UHF vs. VHF Frequency Warm-up Time Range

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161 Warm-up time Mode C Switch Code 1200 Lost Communications Code

LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler HEATER 162

Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT Density Altitude (higher or lower than Pressure Altitude) Indicated Altitude & OAT True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) Pressure Altitude & OAT True Airspeed (higher or lower than Indicated Airspeed) Pressure Error higher or lower than Kollsman window setting True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 163

Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT Density Altitude (higher or lower than Pressure Altitude) 164

PA = 6000’ OAT = 5°C DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler Is the DA higher or lower than PA MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 165

PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C DA is lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler Is the DA higher or lower than PA MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 166

Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT True Airspeed (higher or lower than Indicated Airspeed) 167

Property of Lear Siegler CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE. 168

Property of Lear Siegler 169

Given Find Indicated Altitude & OAT True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 170

Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp Colder Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 171

Indicated Altitude = 6000’ OAT = 20°C True Alt. is Higher than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 172

Indicated Altitude = 4000’ OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 173

Given Find Pressure Error higher or lower than Kollsman window setting True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 174

TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 175

PA = 0’ OAT = 36° DA = 2500’ Property of Lear Siegler 176

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