The integration of social, technological, scientific, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts “not simply a trend or a fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has now replaced the Cold War system, and like that Cold War system, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics, and economics of virtually every country in the world” …..Thomas Friedman

Modern transportation/communication Increased international trade Spread of “popular” culture Sharing of international science International business Is this new???

The Silk Road Era (200 BCE CE) The Islamic Era ( ) The Mongol Interlude ( ) The Atlantic System ( ) The Age of Global Empires ( ) Globalization (1945-Present) During each of these time periods, one sees the development of new and regular trade routes, new or improved commodities to exchange, the establishment of financial intermediaries, and commonly held customs and practices to facilitate this exchange.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 – unrestricted global trade signed by 23 noncommunist nations --goal: loosen barriers to free trade by decreasing tariff barriers WTO (World Trade Organization) 1994

Consumerism – People want more than they need “Americanization” or “McDonaldization” threatens local cultures Cultural lines have become blurred as world becomes more connected - (cultural imperialism) Other examples?

Pepsi in Russian

What enabled this to occur? What are examples? Why do people criticize these? Why is it difficult for the government to regulate multinational businesses?

Japan’s 2 nd “economic miracle” Post WWII, Japan had few resources and no empire U.S. provided aid, investments, and protection Japan’s plan = “economic tiger” Export-oriented economy Low wages High technology Pro-business government

Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan Followed the Japanese model By the 1990s, joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia

China after Mao Late 1970s, China was opened to foreign investment and technology Gradual shift from a command economy to a market/capitalist economy

FREE TRADE/liberalization of trade Free of state imposed restrictions Quite often within a regional trade group

What are some examples of regional trading blocs?

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 1967 EC (European Community) 1967 EU (European Union) 1993 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 1994 AEC (African Economic Community) 1991

EU

Began in 1957 with six nations; now 27 Intended to integrate the European economy Common currency – the Euro

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 1960 – Mostly Arab and Muslim members (1970s hit hard due to embargo of oil shipments to the U.S.)

Established in 1960 to control oil prices After Arab-Israeli War of 1973, OPEC placed an embargo on oil to the US because we were Israel’s ally Price of oil quadrupled which triggered a global recession (gas was 75 cents a gallon)

What kind of monopoly is OPEC?

State a better definition of “popular culture” than what is given in the notes.

Iran’s Islamic answer to Barbie and Ken: Sara and Dara

Pepsi in Russian

Sports --Baseball in Japan --Football (soccer) and the World Cup *spread around the world via the British *Colonial nationalists emphasized playing football to generate a national identity Art --Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism

Reggae --Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s Pan-Africanism of the early 20 th century s-Ethiopians believed new leader, Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was the Messiah; translated this into new religion, Rastafarianism s-American styles of R&B and soul led Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in new ways = reggae (Bob Marley) --Marley and The Wailers blended this with spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a political message of resistance --Reggae spread throughout the world

20 th century had a vast increase in the population b/c of advances in ag, industry, science, medicine Developed countries’ population dropped – why? “Warning to Humanity” 1992 – There is a finite supply of physical resources and we are on a collision course. Reducing birth rates has become a concern in many countries (WHO - World Health Organization assists in family-planning)

Exploitation and competition Urbanization and agricultural expansion Increase use of fossil fuels Kyoto Treaty Greenpeace and Earth Day Green Revolution

Causes of poverty Resources distribution and access Income opportunities limited Education opportunities limited Forced labor Slavery abolished worldwide in 1960s Slavery still exists Child labor still common

Last major pandemic – Spanish flu of 1918/1919; killed million Smallpox and diphtheria have been eradicated Medical innovations: polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart, transplants

HIV/AIDS Identified in 1981 in San Francisco kills adults; leaves children orphaned; threatens society Treatment is expensive In 2000, 36.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide; of those 21.8 are in Africa

Diseases associated with your lifestyle: diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimers Diseases associate with poverty: malaria, TB, cholera

Define – terrorism using words other than in the notes

What is the difference between foreign and domestic terrorism?

Identify some terrorist events.

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Red Cross (civilians in time of war and wounded soldiers, peacetime, rendering medical aid and other help to victims of natural disasters) Greenpeace (preservation of the earth’s natural resources & diverse animal/plant life) Doctors Without Borders

United Nations Founded in 1945 to “maintain international peace and security Not successful at preventing wars Cannot legislate, but has international influence More successful in health and educational goals Eradication of smallpox Decrease in child mortality Increase in female literacy WHO and UNICEF are the most successful parts

Nuremberg trials of the Nazis introduces the idea of crimes against humanity United Nations – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (codification of international human rights laws: forbids slavery, torture, discrimination) Amnesty International 1978 (over 2.2 million supporters in over 150 countries –independent and impartial)

IMF World Bank WTO