INCORPORATING COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES INTO RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY, NIGERIA By Dr. Daniel Davou DABI and Dr. Anthony O. NYONG Center for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, P.M.B Jos, Nigeria Paper Presented at the “Development and Adaptation Days” of the Eleventh Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP-11) Montreal 27 November to 9 December 2005

INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the major economic activity in the rural areas Agriculture is the major economic activity in the rural areas Provides livelihood and gainful employment (70%) to the Population Provides livelihood and gainful employment (70%) to the Population Contributed 41.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2000 Contributed 41.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2000 Suffered from inappropriate policy measures Suffered from inappropriate policy measures Changes in Government (internal/external influences) Changes in Government (internal/external influences) Environmental constraints Environmental constraints Climate Variability and Change (recurrent droughts) Climate Variability and Change (recurrent droughts) Research Findings are presented Research Findings are presented Literature Literature Case Study (rural communities in the Sahelian belt of northern Nigeria) Case Study (rural communities in the Sahelian belt of northern Nigeria)

STUDY AREA (Sahelian Belt of Northern Nigeria)

LIST OF SELECTED VILLAGES (COMMUNITIES) S/NoVillagesLatitudeLongitudeLGAStateS/NoVillagesLatitudeLongitudeLGAState 1Madara KatagumBauchi15Kofin Soli KankiyaKatsina 2Zandam DarazoBauchi16Shanga ShangaKebbi 3Maimallamri BamaBorno17Dabai ZuruKebbi 4Damasak MobarBorno18Andarai MaiyanaKebbi 5Chingowa MagumeriBorno19Kalalawa KwareSokoto 6Kwanar Gaki GarkiJigawa20Marnona WurnoSokoto 7Chanchanda Mallam MadoriJigawa21Kajiji ShagariSokoto 8Sara GwaramJigawa22Buni Yadi GujbaYobe 9Tabanni Birnin GwariKaduna23Garin Ahmadu YusufariYobe 10Kubani ZariaKaduna24Badrama FuneYobe 11Guruma GabasawaKano25Daki Takwas GummiZamfara 12Zangon Buhari BunkureKano26Maguru Kaura NamodaZamfara 13Jinjimawa BichiKano27Auki BunguduZamfara 14Dan Matamachi DaddaraKatsina

RESEARCH METHODS Data Collection Data Collection Review of relevant literature Review of relevant literature Field Surveys from a sample of 27 communities Field Surveys from a sample of 27 communities Questionnaires Administration Questionnaires Administration Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory Rural Appraisal Focus Group Discussions Focus Group Discussions Data Analysis Data Analysis Qualitative Methods Qualitative Methods Frequencies (Tables and graphs) Frequencies (Tables and graphs) Community-Based Assessment Community-Based Assessment Traditional (‘trial and error’, ‘inheritance’ and beliefs) Traditional (‘trial and error’, ‘inheritance’ and beliefs)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evidence from the literature: Evidence from the literature: The era of traditional agriculture (before the 1950s) The era of traditional agriculture (before the 1950s) The economic-growth- and modernization era of the 1950s and 1960s The economic-growth- and modernization era of the 1950s and 1960s The growth-with-equity period of the 1970s The growth-with-equity period of the 1970s The economic-growth and policy reform period of the 1980s The economic-growth and policy reform period of the 1980s Development during the 1990s Development during the 1990s Above gave little or less meaningful results Above gave little or less meaningful results Developments on the New Millennium (2000 and beyond) Developments on the New Millennium (2000 and beyond) Hope for the future (environmental and economic sustainability) Hope for the future (environmental and economic sustainability)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (2) Survey Results Survey Results Community-Based Community-Based Drought resistant varieties Drought resistant varieties Crop diversification Crop diversification Livestock diversification Livestock diversification Early mature crop varieties Early mature crop varieties High yield varieties High yield varieties Low input varieties Low input varieties Irrigated crops Irrigated crops Replanting Replanting Herd movement Herd movement Herd supplementation Herd supplementation Adaptation Strategies Culling animals Labor migration Selling assets Herd sedentarization Farm location Herd/farm sizes Water exploitation methods Water use Water storage methods Food storage

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (3)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (4)

CONCLUSION Thank you Merci Na gode Ma feng Government and policy makers to assist the rural poor in adaptation; Government and policy makers to assist the rural poor in adaptation; Incorporating indigenous, community-based adaptation strategies into policy formulation; and Incorporating indigenous, community-based adaptation strategies into policy formulation; and Ensure implementation of appropriate technologies and sustainable measures. Ensure implementation of appropriate technologies and sustainable measures.