Who does research in Developing Countries ? AGED 4713 Fall 2002

M. Corro2 Introduction þ Why is Agricultural research important? þ Importance of IARC’s þ Types of Agricultural research þ Relationship between IARC and NARS þ What is a NARS þ Types of NARS’s þ Examples of NARS’s

M. Corro3 Why is Agricultural research important? 4 Help to improve development 3 economic growth 3 poverty alleviation 3 rural development 3 improve management of natural resources 4 Ag research is central for boosting productivity 4 It is the primary engine of the economic growth

M. Corro4 Importance of International Ag. Research Centers 4 Mission of IARC (CGIAR) 3 To contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research, partnership, capacity building, and policy support, promoting sustainable agricultural development based on the environmentally sound management of natural resources. Source:

M. Corro5 Importance of International Ag. Research Centers 4 The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research. 4 This includes: 3 Problems affecting agricultural productivity and links these problems to broader concerns 3 Poverty reduction, 3 Sustainable management of natural resources, 3 Protection of biodiversity 3 Rural development.

M. Corro6 The CGIAR focuses on five major research 4 Increasing Productivity 4 Protecting the Environment 4 Saving Biodiversity 4 Improving Policies 4 Strengthening National Research

M. Corro7 Relationship between IARC and NARS 4 Strengthening national agricultural research in developing countries through side-by-side working relationships with colleagues in national programs, strengthening skills in research administration and management, and formal training programs for research staff.

M. Corro8 Types of research  Basic  Strategic  Applied  Adaptive/on farm level

M. Corro9 Types of research Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term. Example: Gene research

M. Corro10 Types of research Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example: Identifying new varieties Tillage Practices

M. Corro11 Types of research 4 Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county. 3 Example: l Response to fertilization l Estrus synchronization programs

M. Corro12 Types of research 4 Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm 3 Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice

M. Corro13 Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All of the above, National Agricultural Research System (NARC)

M. Corro14 NARS definition:  National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)  The NARS in Developing countries include all the various national organizations which undertake agricultural research in their respective countries.

M. Corro15 Responsibility of NARS:  To conduct research to develop and adapt technology and to participate in the transfer of technology.

M. Corro16 Advantages of NARS  Direct institutional /client linkages  Close proximity to farmer’s problems  Ability to collect field-level data relatively inexpensively  On-site staff and facilities  Effective conduit for communicating development strategy and policies to policy makers

M. Corro17 Types of NARS 4 Publicly supported (centralized) 4 Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) 4 Endowed research institutes 4 Agricultural Universities 4 Private sector research institutes 4 Non-governmental Organizations 4 Multinational, regional research institutes

M. Corro18 Publicly supported (centralized)  Systems that are dependencies of, controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.  Examples:  Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa)  Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)  Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)

M. Corro19 EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute 4 Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.

M. Corro20 Embrapa coordinates the National Agricultural Research System with cooperated institutions carrying out research in geographical areas or in defined fields of scientific knowledge. Networking through 37 research units researchers. 47% master's 49% Ph D’s

M. Corro21 Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) 4 Systems that channel federal, state, private sector, and producers (commodity associations) funding to semi-autonomous state level research and extension programs. 4 Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary, cross commodity programs 4 Research/extension linkage: close, assembling/adapting technology to producers’ needs. 4 Example: 3 Mexico: INIFAP

Agricultural, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food Secretariat

M. Corro23 Institutions funded by SAGARPA Semi-autonomous Teaching Research Extension

M. Corro24 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias 4 The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research

M. Corro25 þ Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) þ Funded by þ Federal þ State þ Producers in every state have a foundation (Fundacion Produce)

M. Corro26 Objectives 4 To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research 4 To promote applied research and technology transfer 4 To support research for sustainable natural resources management

M. Corro27 Researchers by Academic Degree 2002 Academic degreeNumber % Bachelor Master Doctorate Total 1185 * 100 * 6.3% are in Graduate College

M. Corro28 Distribution of researchers by area 2002 Area Number% Forestry14012 Crops76064 Livestock28524 Total

M. Corro29 8 Regional Research Centers (CIR) 81 Research Stations 6 National Centers

M. Corro30 Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs  108 Crops  Avocado  Beans  Barley  Cacao  Corn  Citrus  Chile  Coffee  Cotton  Mango  Rice  Soybean  Wheat Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)

M. Corro31 Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee  Disciplinary programs  Animal health  Epidemiology  Parasitology  Microbiology  Nutrition  Reproduction  Genetics  Biothecnology Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs

M. Corro32 Technology transfer programs

M. Corro33 Agricultural universities 4 Institutions of higher learning that provide undergraduate and graduate education and grant related degrees, conduct research, and distribute information to agricultural sector clientele.

M. Corro34 Agricultural universities 4 Autonomous, some semi-autonomous 4 Structure: Centralized 4 Funding sources: Public-federal and state 4 Nature of programs: education; some research and extension 4 Limited research 4 Limited extension linkages 4 Linkage with international/multinational programs

M. Corro35 Agricultural universities in Mexico supported by Ministry of Agriculture Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo Coahuila Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco Estado de Mexico Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas, Texcoco Estado de Mexico

M. Corro36 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM 4 Decentralized 4 Autonomous 4 Funded by Federal Government: 3 Secretary of Education 3 UNAM Foundation: private support (10%) 3 Competitive funds for research: CONACYT 4 Mission: 3 Teaching, Research and Outreach

M. Corro37 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM 4 85 % of research in Mexico 4 Comprehensive University (4-6 years) 4 68 Colleges offer 130 careers ( Students) 3 Faculty (College) of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics ( 2 campuses >3500 students) 3 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (1000 students)

M. Corro38 Summary þ Importance of Agricultural research? þ Types of Agricultural research þ Relationship between IARC and NARS þ Who does research in developing countries: the NARS þ Examples of NARS