Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan Al-Azhar University Lecture 1 Microprocessor Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan Al-Azhar University Lecture 1

Class Materials Text book Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and Design,. Term paper/Project Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as possible Group of max. 2 students 2

Schedule and Arrangement 2 Classes Weekly 1 Tutorial Weekly We may substitute one of the lectures by a tutorial according to the class requirements.

Participation You are expected to attend all of the lectures Exams will be based on the class materials Group Activities Very Important

Assignments and Quizzes Must be submitted on time Late assignments will be accepted within one week with substantial penalties One Quiz (15 minutes ) Every Week . Please come ready

Learning is a treasure whose keys are questions Learning is a treasure whose keys are questions. So do not be afraid to ask. I have no problem saying, I made a mistake and the right thing is … or I do not know and I have to look it up

Lets Get Started

Computing Evolution We Have Come a Long Way!!

It begins in 1938, the outbreak of World War II, and a large problem faced by the United States Army that was in dire need of a fast solution. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer[1], was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems[2], although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory. The first problems run on the ENIAC however, were related to the design of the hydrogen bomb. The contract was signed on June 5, 1943 and Project PX was constructed by Penn's Moore School of Electrical Engineering from July, 1943. It was unveiled on February 15, 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29 of that year, it was turned on and would be in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938

Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago In 1954, scientists from the RAND Corporation have created this model to illustrate how a home computer could look like in the year 2004. However, the needed technology will not be economically feasible for the average home. Also the scientists readily admit that the computer will require not yet invented technology to actually work, but 50 years from now scientific progress is expected to solve these problems. With the teletype interface and the Fortran language, the computer will be easy to use. From 1954 popular mechanics magazine Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago

The Computer Evolution Mobile Mainframe Computer, 1960 Mini-Computer, 1970 The PC, 1980 Platforms 2000 Sensor Smart Dust …

Moore’s Law 1965 prediction by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore: The number of transistors that can be built on the same size piece of silicon will double every 18 months

Intel has just announced that it will begin making new microprocessor chips in the second half of this year that are designed for computers but they can also be used in consumer devices. They combine processing power and energy efficiency. Intel uses new material that can help overcome the problem of leaking current as the insulation material gets thinner. Currently much of industry builds chips in 90-nanometer technology (1000 transistors would fit in the width of a human hair) In 2005 Intel began making chips at 65 nanometer Now, Intel is moving to 45 nanometer technology New insulator composed of alloy of hafnium

Bell’s Law: New computing class every 10 years log (people per computer) Streaming Data to/from the Physical World In 2005 the computer classes include: mainframes (60's); minicomputers (70's); personal computers and workstations evolving into a network enabled by Local Area Networking or Ethernet (80's); web browser client-server structure that were enabled by the Internet (90's); web services e.g. Microsoft's .Net (2000's) or the Grid; cell phone sized devices c(2000); Wireless Sensor Networks aka motes (>c2005). Bell predicts home and body area networks will form by 2010 year Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.

Ubiquitous Computing: A Vision Ahead of his Time The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. Mark Weiser, 1991

Where is the Microprocessor ? It is inside of every device that we have such as computer , printers , mobile , etc..

What is the Microprocessor? Multipurpose , programmable logic device. Reads Instructions from the Memory Accepts binary input data Process the data according to the instructions Produces Output

A typical Programmable Machine/System Microprocessor , Memory, and I/O Microprocessor Memory I/O

The System Components Hardware  Physical Devices Program  a group of instructions preformed by the microprocessor Software  a group of programs Microprocessor Memory I/O

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output. Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip. The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other components are used as peripherals.

What numbering System a Microprocessor Uses? Binary System A Bit is 0 or 1 The processor processes a group of bits called Word. The word size could be: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bits Therefore, the processor is named after the word size. e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

A Microprocessor as a Programmable Device The piano is a programmable machine With its key , we can generate notes The Microprocessor has different instructions : Can be combined in different ways to generate different programs. Instructions are stored in a Memory

The Memory

Word Addressing Given M words , how many bits l are required to address them? Example: to address 64 MB, we need

Memory Organization Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address A memory address is an index into the array "Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte apart 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 8 bits of data

Types of Memory Cache Memory RAM (Main Memory) Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data Small  High Cost RAM (Main Memory) Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing a program Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Uses Tiny Capacitors Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data Static RAM (SRAM) Holds its data as long as the power is on D Flip Flop

Types of Memory (Cont.) ROM Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) Stores critical information necessary to operate the system. Hardwired  can not be programmed Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment Erasable PROM (EPROM) Can be programmed with special tool It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM) No special tools required Can erase a portion

Memory Hierarchy The idea Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.

Hit Vs. Miss Hit Miss Hit rate Miss rate The requested data resides in a given level of memory. Miss The requested data is not found in the given level of memory Hit rate The percentage of memory accesses found in a given level of memory. Miss rate The percentage of memory accesses not found in a given level of memory.

Input / Output Input Devices Output Devices: Switches , Keyboard , …. Output Devices: Seven Segments (LEDs) , printer , Monitor ,.. The processor reads the instructions from the memory , data from the input devices, processes them, produces the output

Microprocessor as CPU -The CPU includes ALU, control Units , and Various Registers -Known as Microprocessor

The Von Neumann Model It uses von Neumann execution cycle (also called the fetch-decode-execute cycle)

The Von Neumann Model (Cont.) A cycle could be as follows: The control unit fetches the next program instruction from the memory, using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located. The instruction is decoded into a language the ALU can understand. Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed into registers within the CPU. The ALU executes the instruction and places the results in registers or memory.

Instruction Processing Von Neumann execution cycle Decode instruction Evaluate address Fetch operands from memory Execute operation Store result Fetch instruction from memory

The Modified Von Neumann Model The data bus: Moves data from main memory to the CPU registers (and vice versa). The address bus: Holds the address of the data that the data bus is currently accessing. The control bus: Carries the necessary control signals that specify how the information transfer is to take place.

Advances in Semiconductor Technology IC- Integrated Circuits  few transistors and diodes on one chip SSI –small scale Integration few gates on one chip MSI- Medium scale Integration- 100 gates on a chip LSI – Large Scale Integration – 1000 gates on a chip VLSI – Very large scale Integration SLSI – Super Large Scale Integration Borders between VLSI and SLSI are not strict.

Microprocessor Programming Machine language Instruction written in binary format Assembly language Text based format  Add A , B High level Language Source Code Compiler / Interpreter Object Code

Z80 Instructions and Alphanumeric Codes 8-bit word length 158 instructions ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange- Each character has its equivalent binary format in a 7-bit code EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code – 8-bit code

Reading Assignment Please read Chapter 1 in the textbook