 Generally slow moving  Temperature ranges from: ~850°C to 1100°C  Flow pattern and direction is predictable  Damage:  Lots of property damage, little loss of life

 Hot, dense clouds of ash and gases  Speeds can easily exceed 100 km/hr  Temperatures often >1000°C  Unpredictable  Generally associated with stratovolcanoes

 Freshly deposited volcanic ash  Very unstable when wet  Bury towns  Chokes drainage systems  Ex: Tacoma  On top of an ancient mudflow

 Volcanic dust and ash:  If in the stratosphere:  Affects are global and long-term  Affects global temperatures (blocks sunlight)  Kratatau, 1883  Tambora, 1815  Pinatubo, 1991  If in the troposphere:  Local temperature changes and effects  Short-term

 SO2 from gases emitted during the eruption  In troposphere: removed as acid rain  In stratosphere: stays for years  Can circle the globe  May cause ozone depletion

 Tsunamis – Earthquakes and land movement  Famine  Disease  Political strife  Social, economical, emotional stress  Etc.