Scientific and Medical Achievements Chapter 22 Section 2

Key Terms Charles Darwin Marie and Pierre Curie Radioactivity Albert Einstein Louis Pasteur Pasteurization Anesthetic Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud

Darwin’s Theories Natural selection-creatures that are well adapted to their environment have a better chance of survival Offspring inherit these features

Darwin’s Theories Species will evolve or change to improve survival over time His theory indicated humans were descendants from other animals Differed from theory of creation in the Bible

Advance in Chemistry and Physics 1800’s chemists and physicists made landmark discoveries 1803 Joseph Dalton developed atomic theory Atoms of different elements are themselves of different size and mass

Advances in Chemistry and Physics 1871 Dmitri Mendeleev- made the periodic table Left gaps in the table knowing that some elements have yet to be discovered Predicted scientists would find more elements than fit unto the table

Advances in Chemistry and Physics 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discover polonium and radium Radioactivity – the energy released by the breakdown of certain elements 1911 Ernest Rutherford called the center of an atom the nucleus and is made up of positively charge particles called protons

Einstein’s Genius 1905 discovers physics Light is not only a wave but energy (used physics) No particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light Motion can only be measured by the observer

Einstein’s Genius E = MC2- means that a small amount of mass can be converted to a huge amount of energy One must include time in the study of space Overturns Newton on how the universe works

Medical Breakthroughs Preventing Disease 1870 Louis Pasteur showed a link between microbes and disease Bacteria was always present in the air and reproduce Bacteria in the air- can make grape juice and milk sour

Medical Breakthroughs Pasteurization- process of heating liquids and foods to a high temperature to kill bacteria Milk Cheese Juices Have been sterilized through pasteurization

Medical Breakthroughs Anthrax- threat to people and livestock Injected animals with a weakened virus Helped body to build antibodies to fight the disease Developed a Rabies vaccine in 1895

Improving Medical Care Crawford Long invented anesthetic called ether Made patient unconscious/ first painless surgery 1860 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic Germ killing agent Reduce deaths from 45% to 15%

Improving Medical Care Nursing schools trained large number of women 1900 5% of doctors were women Public health care caused a dramatic drop in infant mortality 1800-240 deaths per thousand to 91 in 1898

New Ideas and Social Sciences Psychology-study of the mind and human behavior Ivan Pavlov-animals could be conditioned or taught Animals salivate at smell or sight of food Dogs reacted the same way to a bell because they got food after it rang

Sigmund Freud Unconscious part of the mind contains thought that we are unaware of Hypnotism- used to explore the unconscious mind Encourage people to tell him about their dreams Repressed thoughts cause mental illness Psychoanalysis was his therapy

Other Social Sciences Archaeology- study of past artifacts 1800’s used scientific approach Recorded all stages of their work Anthropology-study of humanity and its ancestors 1920 Sociology-studies social institutions and sub groups, racial, ethnic, age, gender