Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers Shirley M. Malcom

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 2 Demographics of STEM Workforce Minority = Black/African American, Hispanic, and American Indian Source: Joan Burrelli, NSF, based on 1999 Common Core of Data, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES); NCES, 1998 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey; UCLA Higher Education Research Institute,1998 American Freshman Survey (estimate); and NCES, 1998 IPEDS Completions Survey

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 3 Evidence of Underparticipation Disaggregated

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 4 A Decade of Degrees in Selected Fields, By Race / Ethnicity

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 5 A Decade of Degrees in Selected Fields, by Sex (Includes U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents Only) 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80, , Women Men MedicineLawBusinessS&E PhDs Source: CPST, data derived from AAMC, ABA, NSF and NCES

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 6 Doctorate Recipients (U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents, 2004)

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 7 Percent of Women Among All Earned Doctorates, by Field, 2004 FIELDTOTALPERCENT Physics & Astronomy1, Chemistry1, EAM Mathematics1, Computer Science Engineering5, Life Sciences8, Psychology3, Economics Social Sciences, including Psychology 6,

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 8 Undergraduate STEM Trends, continued Increasing participation by women in all fields (at or near parity in total S/E, physical, mathematical and social sciences; above parity in biological sciences and psychology; below parity in engineering (20.3%) and computer science (27.3%) Minority women represent higher proportion of engineering degrees within race/ethnic group White women – 18.2% of white total in 2001 African American women – 35.6% Hispanic women – 23.9% Asian women – 24% American Indian women – 25.1%

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 9 Undergraduate STEM Trends, continued In 2001, African American women received a larger proportion of degrees than African American men in all fields except engineering (35.6%) and computer science (46.6%) Declining numbers of underrepresented minorities in engineering In 2001, HBCUs contributed disproportionate to their share of African American enrollees to degrees in physical sciences (44.8%), biological sciences (41.4%), mathematics (40.8%), agricultural sciences (46.4%), and computer science (29.8%), although that effect has modified since the early 1990s.

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 10 Science and Engineering as Human Activities Reclaiming S & T

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 11 Science & Technology as Reflections of Society Justifying social relationships Social Darwinism Mismeasure of Man Meeting societal needs Answering fundamental questions Reflecting status and power relationships

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 12 The First African American Ph.D. Doctorate in Physics from Yale University in 1876 Edward Bouchet

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 13 Basic Sciences OR the Practical Arts

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 14 The Case of E.E. Just Black Apollo of Science by Kenneth Manning

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 15 Historic Role of HBCUs Source of employment Research opportunities Undergraduate preparation of future researchers (Baccalaureate origins)

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 16 Post-Sputnik to Great Society 1957 – Early 1970s: From national need to civil rights

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 17 What difference does diversity make to science and engineering?

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 18 Men, Women and the Story of Aspirin

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 19

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 20 Health Disparities

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 21 Science Policy Research priorities Whose needs? And who decides? Digital Divide, or Do some problems solve themselves?

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 22 How might S/E be different were there more minorities and women in these fields? Education Research Policy Practice

Cultivating the Underrepresented Majority for STEM: Its Not Just About the Numbers 23 The Educational Value of Diversity