Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program Philip Martien, Ph.D. Senior Advanced Projects Advisor Bay Area Air Quality Management District CAPCOA Conference Health Impacts of Air Pollution on Communities September 19-20, 2007

CAPCOA Conference 2 BAAQMD Background Regional Air Pollution Control Agency Programs to reduce regional smog and particulate matter (PM) Wood-smoke reduction programs Climate protection program Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) program

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 3 CARE Program Objectives Evaluate regional and community cancer and non-cancer health risk from ambient toxic air contaminants (TAC) Focus health risk mitigation measures on locations with higher risk levels and sensitive populations

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 4 From Emissions of Toxic Air Contaminants to Health Effects Chronicle/Kurt Rogers EmissionsConcentrationsExposure Health Effects

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 5 CARE Program: A Three Phase Design Spring ’04 Fall ’06 Summer ’08 Fall ’09

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 6 CARE Task Force 15 members represent government agencies, businesses, health professionals, and community groups Provide feedback to District staff on CARE program Conduct expert review of work products Represent community perspective

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 7 Phase I: Develop TAC Emissions Estimates Preliminary TAC emission inventory –Quantify emissions totals –Map emissions within the Bay Area Evaluate and improve TAC inventory –Several rounds of critical review –Improvements to on-road diesel emissions –Evaluation of emissions using observations Demographic & health data Target areas for grant funding

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 8 Cancer Toxicity-Weighted Emissions By PollutantBy Source Category

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 9 Chronic, Non-Cancer Toxicity-Weighted Emissions By PollutantBy Source Category

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 10 Acute Toxicity-Weighted Emissions By Pollutant By Source Category

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 11 Comparison to Ambient Measurements BAAQMD lab (15 sites) and CARB lab (5 sites) Measurements made on a 1-in-12 day schedule Data for used Quarterly averaged annual averages

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 12 Ambient VOC Toxic Concentrations vs. Emissions: Livermore site Total Emissions Ambient Concentrations

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 13 Percent Overlap Between Ambient Concentrations and Emissions VOCs, excluding three compounds frequently below detection limits

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 14 Cancer Risk Comparison Comparing fractions of lifetime cancer risk from various toxic compounds VOCs, chromium VI, diesel PM –need to estimate diesel concentrations –used elemental carbon measurements (IMPROVE method) to estimate diesel PM ARB measurements used –they include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and chromium VI –1,3-butadiene better estimated

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 15 Cancer Risk: Emissions vs. Ambient: San Jose site Total Emissions Ambient Concentrations

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 16 Good agreement between emissions fractions and ambient concentrations Good agreement between risk components based on emissions vs. ambient concentrations –Risk from diesel PM greatest, followed by benzene and 1,3- butadiene –Risk overlap from 79% to 92% Emissions inventory diesel risk greater than ambient Might be a problem with the area source inventory, perhaps construction equipment Comparison Summary

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 17 Emissions Spatial Distribution Diesel Particulate MatterAcrolein

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 18 Demographic & Health Data Population under 18Asthma Hospitalization Rates

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 19 Phase I Findings – Risks from Emitted Pollutants About 80% of the emissions weighted by cancer risk are from diesel PM About 50% of the emissions weighted by chronic non-cancer risk are from acrolein More than 90% of the acute non-cancer risk is also from acrolein There are uncertainties associated with the determination of risk

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 20 Phase I Findings - Sources On-road and off-road diesel emissions– including trucks, construction, shipping, rail–are large sources of cancer risk Gasoline powered vehicles and aircraft are large contributors to non-cancer risk The highest densities of diesel PM and acrolein are in eastern S.F. and western Alameda & Contra Costa counties These areas also have large numbers of sensitive people

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 21 Mitigation Approaches Target appropriate mitigation measures to areas with high TAC emissions and sensitive populations –Focus grant and incentive funding for reducing mobile-source emissions in target areas –Enhance information campaigns –Form local partnerships on issues related to development, housing, and transportation to reduce risk –Develop model ordinances –Regulate emissions from stationary and indirect sources –Support & sponsor legislation

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 22 Next Steps Phase II: Modeling Concentrations and Continued Mitigation Continue to improve emissions estimates –Update to 2005 –Update speciation profiles where possible Local & regional modeling –Participate in health risk assessments Enhanced measurements Additional mitigation measures

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 23 West Oakland Health Risk Assessment Local-scale modeling with CALPUFF (diesel PM) 100 km x 100 km receptor domain Three-part source domain Land sources Part 1: Port of Oakland Part 2: Union Pacific Rail Yard Part 3: West Oakland Water sources

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 24 Supplemental TAC Measurements EPA local-scale air toxics ambient monitoring grant Increase density of air quality measurements in West Oakland via “saturation monitoring” –Characterize local-scale pollutant concentrations –Identify “hot spots” –Characterize concentration gradients Time integrated and continuous monitoring Mobile monitoring

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 25 Additional Mitigation Measures Propose new regulations and modify existing regulations –Green Ports Initiative –Other stationary sources Focus grant and incentive funding in areas with high emissions and/or sensitive populations –Carl Moyer Grants –Transportation Fund for Clean Air Grants Develop guidance for cities, counties, and other public agencies to incorporate in general plans, municipal codes, or other local plans/programs

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 26 Air District Staff: David Fairley, Cuong Tran, Amir Fanai, Eric Stevenson Sonoma Technology Inc.: Steve Reid Desert Research Institute: Eric Fujita California Air Resources Board: Dan Donohoue Acknowledgments

September 19-20, 2007 CAPCOA Conference 27 Contact Information Phil Martien: