Genetic Diversity in Populations Chapter 19 Genetic Diversity in Populations

Chapter Outcomes: Define a gene pool. Describe the gene pool of a population at genetic equilibrium. Summarize the five conditions upon which the Hardy-Weinberg principle is based. Describe how the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to determine whether a population is undergoing microevolution.

Chapter Outcomes Calculate allele and genotype frequencies in a population. Outline the conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium. Identify and compare the effects of mutations, gene flow, non-random mating and genetic drift on gene pool diversity. Apply the Hardy-Weinberg principle to published data.

Chapter Outcomes Distinguish between founder effect and the bottleneck effect on gene pools. Explain how the process of natural selection is related to microevolution. Explain the cause of heterozygote advantage and how it affects a gene pool. Describe strategies used in captive breeding and population management. Explain that genetic engineering can have intended and unintended effects on gene pools.

Genetic Diversity in Populations Recall that a population is a group of organisms of the same species living in one area Within a population, there are many genes The sum of the genes (and their different alleles) is known as the gene pool Gene pools are studied by population geneticists

Genotype, Phenotype & Allele Frequency Genotype Frequency: Phenotype Frequency: Allele Frequency:

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle the Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts that if other factors remain constant, the gene pool will maintain a constant composition over many generations this is expressed by a mathematical equation:

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Where: p is the frequency of the A allele q is the frequency of the a allele if the values of p and q are known, we can calculate the frequency of the alleles AA, Aa, and aa (and vice-versa)

Limits to the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Large populations Random mating No mutations No migration No natural selection against any of the phenotypes

Application of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle In a population, we know that a dominant trait is present 82% of the time. Determine the percentage of individuals that make up each genotype.

The Hardy-Weinberg & Population Change If a gene pool changes over time, one of the 5 conditions it is based on must also have changed Therefore, the strength of this principle is to determine whether or not a population is evolving The Hardy-Weinberg equation also allows us to determine what percentage of a population are “carriers” of a trait

Evolutionary Change gene pools are unstable factors that bring about evolutionary change are mutation, genetic drift, and migration (or gene flow)

Mutation

Gene Flow

Non-Random Mating

Genetic Drift

The Founder Effect New populations are often formed by only a few individuals (Founders) The founders will only carry part of the original gene pool from the population Therefore, the new gene pool will be limited

The Bottleneck Effect Starvation, disease, human activities, or natural disasters can quickly reduce a large population The survivors only have a subset of the alleles present before the disaster, and therefore, the gene pool loses diversity Gene pool change caused by a rapid decrease in population is known as the bottleneck effect

Examples of the Founder Effect “Blue Fugates” Philadelphia Amish

Examples of the Bottleneck Effect Northern Elephant Seals Cheetahs

Natural Selection Natural selection is the only process that leads directly to evolutionary adaptation Recall that natural selection occurs in the following order:

Advantage & Natural Selection Sexual Selection: Heterozygote Advantage & Lethal Alleles:

Human Activities & Genetic Diversity Humans can affect genetic diversity of populations in many ways: Habitat fragmentation Unregulated hunting & habitat removal

Biotechnology & Gene Pools We can use many techniques to modify organisms and the gene pools of populations We now have added genes to species that come from completely different species, thereby adding a gene to a gene pool that most likely would never have been there otherwise

These genes could be passed on to others in a population This could ultimately affect the process of natural selection As well, because genes do not work alone (often they work together), the positive effect of the inserted genes may be negated because the gene affects other traits necessary for survival

Cloning to Save Species Cloning can be one way to preserve gene pools Creating clones of endangered species could reverse the threat of extinction In 2000, a cloned Asian gaur (a rare ox-like mammal) was born in Iowa to a domestic cow that served as a surrogate mother