Population, Urbanization, and Environment Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and Environment

Fertility Fertility–The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population Fecundity–Maximum possible childbearing Crude birth rate–Number of live births in a given year for every thousand people Calculating crude birth rate © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

(a) Crud Birth Rates and Crude Death Rates, (b) Infant Mortality Rates, and (c) Life Expectancy around the World, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mortality Crude death rate–Number of deaths/year for every for every 1,000 people Infant mortality rates Number of deaths among infants under one for 1,000 live births in a year Life expectancy–The average life span of a country’s population © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration Voluntary migration–Due to economic push and pull factors Involuntary migration–Forced migration due to war or other social conflict Immigration–Movement into a territory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration Emigration–Movement out of a territory Rates In-migration rate Out-migration rate Net migration rate © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Change across the United States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Growth Fertility, morality, and migration all affect the size of the population A handy rule-of-thumb for estimating population growth is to divide a society’s Population growth rate into the number 70 This yields the doubling time in years © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Growth in Global Perspective © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Composition Sex ratio–The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population The US in 2007 had about 97 males to 100 females In India, the ratio is 106 Age-sex pyramid–A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Age-Sex Population Pyramids for the United States and Mexico, 2012 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth Malthus’s prediction was flawed Malthus: Population increase would lead to social chaos People would reproduce at rates exceeding their ability to produce sufficient food © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth Limits included artificial birth control (morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely) Seen as “the dismal parson” because war and famine were our future © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage one (preindustrial, agrarian) High birth rates due to economic value of children and lack of birth control Stage two (early industrial) High birth rate and lowered death rate boosts population growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage three (mature industrial) Population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability Stage four (postindustrial) Economic realities force drop in birth rates © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Demographic Transition Theory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Population The low-growth north The high-growth south Zero population growth–Level of reproduction that maintains population in a steady state The high-growth south Population growth is a critical problem in several poor countries The Demographic Divide © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Growth of Cities Urbanization–Concentration of population The evolution of cities First city was Jericho, north of the Dead Sea Pre-industrial European cities date back 5,000 years to the Greeks Industrial European cities began as the Middle Ages ended © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth in US Cities Colonial settlement (1565-1800) Capitalism’s effect upon small villages ensured transformation Urban expansion (1800-1860) Towns sprang up along transportation routes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth in US Cities Metropolitan era (1860-1950) Effects of Civil War boosted growth Metropolis–A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area Urban decentralization (1950-present) Desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suburbs and Urban Decline By 1999, most Americans lived in the suburbs and shopped at local malls. Postindustrial sunbelt cities Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Phoenix, Houston © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suburbs and Urban Decline Megalopolis–Vast urban area containing a number of cities & surrounding suburbs Edge cities: Office buildings, malls, hotels, and entertainment complexes Rural rebound: Migration from urban areas © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Life Tönnies Gemeinschaft–Social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition Gesellschaft–Social organization; people together based on individual self-interest © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Life Durkheim Mechanical solidarity–Social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values Organic solidarity–Social bonds based on specialization and interdependence © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Life Simmel Park and Wirth Blasé attitude–”Tuning out,” a strategy for social survival Park and Wirth Urban organization; commercial centers, ethnic communities, and industrial districts © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critical Analysis Tönnies and Wirth saw the decline of personal ties and traditional morality. Durkheim and Park emphasized Urbanism’s positive points like greater autonomy and personal choice © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critical Analysis Overlooks effects of class, race, & gender Cities intensify social differences Observed most clearly when categories of people form “critical masses” © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Profile for the 100 Largest U.S. Cities, 2010 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Ecology Park and Burgess’s concentric zones Business districts, factories ringed by housing Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors Industry forms along rail lines, fashionable areas next to old, fashionable areas Harris & Ullman’s multicentered model Cities decentralize © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Ecology Social area analysis–What people have in common Berry & Rees’ analysis uses many of the previous theories © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban Political Economy Applies Karl Marx’s analysis of conflict in the workplace to conflict in the city. City life is defined by people with power. Capitalism Transforms city to real estate traded for profit Concentrates wealth & power in the hands of a few © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Environment & Society Ecology Natural environment The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment Natural environment Earth’s surface and atmosphere including living organisms, air, water, soil And other resources necessary to sustain life © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Environment & Society Ecosystem Environmental deficit A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment Environmental deficit Profound and long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus On short-term material affluence © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth and Limits Logic of growth More powerful technology has improved our lives & discoveries will make the future better Critical analysis: Progress can lead to unexpected problems, resources are finite © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth and Limits Limits to growth Humanity must implement policies to control growth of population, production And resource use to avoid environmental collapse Critical analysis: Long-range predictions are speculative © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Composition of Community Trash © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Solid Waste: The Disposable Society We consume more products than virtually any other nation More than half of our solid waste never goes away Recycling–Reusing resources we would otherwise discard © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Water and Air Water Supply Water Pollution Air Pollution About 1% of Earth’s water suitable for drinking Water Pollution US rivers and streams absorb hundreds of millions of pounds of toxic waste a year Air Pollution Air quality improved in 20th century © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Environment Rain forest Global warming– Region of dense forestation, most of which circles the globe near the equator Global warming– Rise in the earth’s average temperature caused by an increasing concentration of Carbon dioxide & other gasses in the atmosphere © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Environment Environmental racism Declining Biodiversity Pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities Nobody wants a factory or dump nearby, but the poor have little power to resist © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Looking Ahead: Toward a Sustainable Society and World Urbanization is continuing, especially in poor countries Humanity is facing a serious environmental challenge The answer, in principle, is to create an ecologically sustainable culture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.