4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System 4 th WORLD WATER FORUM Mexico, Marsh 17 th, 2006

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Niger Nigeria Mali R. Niger Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria Aquifers : Cretaceous Intercalary Continental Tertiary Terminal Continental > 2000 billion m 3 Niger river : 30 billion m 3 per year Area : km² Mali : km² (6%) Niger : km² (83%) Nigeria : km² (11%). Population : 15 million (2000) 28 million (2025) IAS OVERVIEW

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 NATURAL RESOURCES Non renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m 3 Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m 3 /y « W » National parc (Niger Republic) 160 billion m 3 /y to Atlantic ocean Fisheries > 200 species Livestock > 4 million cattle Irrigation land > ha Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m 3

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 SHARED IAS ISSUES Increased water demand because of growing population : 15 millions in 2000, double in 2025 Climate change Decreased groundwater recharge rate Land degradation  ha/year Silting : river, lake, pools Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 SHARED IAS ISSUES Lack of exchange information between countries sharing and exploiting the same resource Lack of cooperation on aquifers although Basins Authorities exit in the region : NBA, LGA, etc… Aquifers only studied in the limits of the national borders

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Within the goal of sustainable : environmental protection and sub- regional and national development cooperative framework for joint management of risk and uncertainty GENERAL OBJECTIVE To establish the capacity, to identify, reduce and mitigate transboundary risks from changing land and water use and from climate change in the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 PROJECT OUTCOMES Joint mechanisms for identification of transboundary risk issues in the IAS; A joint development and conservation strategy for the IAS; A joint tripartite legal and institutional cooperative framework for the IAS; Joint programmes for awareness, participation and inter-governmental communication.

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ; Strengthening the State of knowledge of IAS; Awareness, Participation, Capacity Building; Consultative Mechanism;

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 STEERING COMMITTEE (Periodic control and Evaluation) Countries : Partners : DNH - Mali- UEP/GEF DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger- IAEA- ESA- IRD DHH/FWRM - Nigeria- FAO- IGRAC- GTZ STEERING COMMITTEE (Periodic control and Evaluation) Countries : Partners : DNH - Mali- UEP/GEF DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger- IAEA- ESA- IRD DHH/FWRM - Nigeria- FAO- IGRAC- GTZ OSS Implementation Agency OSS Implementation Agency IAS Project - Coordination and Technical Management - Regional Coordination - Scientific Control IAS Project - Coordination and Technical Management - Regional Coordination - Scientific Control National Teams National Coordinator National Focal Point National Coordination Committee National Teams National Coordinator National Focal Point National Coordination Committee Scientific Audit Scientific Evaluation Validation of final reports Scientific Audit Scientific Evaluation Validation of final reports Experts Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Consultative Mechanism Recharge Modelling Remote Sensing Experts Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Consultative Mechanism Recharge Modelling Remote Sensing PROJECT STRUCTURE UNESCO Scientific Supervision UNESCO Scientific Supervision

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Three national reports for TDA (Mali, Niger and Nigeria) for further IAS wide analysis (under implementation) ; ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR : Common digitalized maps for a further hydrogeological risks analysis; Analysis of information/data availability in support of cooperation among countries; Legal and consultative mechanism ; Management tool development (database)

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 H = High RiskM = Medium Risk W = Weak Risk RISKS IDENTIFIED RISKS MaliNigerNigeria Mean value Lack of knowledge of groundwater flow patterns HMH H Lack of knowledge of Surface Water and Groundwater connexion HHH H Basin Awareness HHH H Climatic changes : floods, droughts HHHH Deforestation HHHH Groundwater exploitation WWMW Decline of Artesianism uncontrolled MHHH Water pollution HHHH Soil salinisation MMWM Inadequate groundwater network HMHH Non consultative groundwater Exploitation HHHH

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS DIRECT CAUSES (Natural origin) ENVIRONMEN TAL ISSUES DIRECT CAUSES (Human origin) IMPACTSCOMMON BASIC CAUSES  Climatic changes, (reduced rainfall and runoff)  Frequent droughts  Reduced connexion between surface water and groundwater because of silting, sand dunes established Groundwater resources scarcity  Increase in water demand (growth population, mining and agricultural activities)  Inadequate water infrastructure  Reduced groundwater recharge  Decline of artesian water pressure  Reduced renewable groundwater resource  Alternative water resources  Deficient political and legal practical framework  Inadequate basin awareness  Insufficient knowledge and participation in sustainable water resource management  Lack of consultative mechanism in groundwater resources management although several Basin Authorities  Deficiency in application of law High concentration of fluoride, nitrates Groundwater quality degradation  Pollution by urban, industrial and mining activities  Agricultural activities (pesticides, manures)  Land use and inadequate change in land use  Soil Salinization  Less production in agriculture  Diseases Climatic change: droughts, desertification, establishment of sand dunes Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources  Deforestation (firewood)  Uncontrolled hunting activities  Clearing of land for agriculture  Migration of the population from deserted zone to wetlands  Land use and inadequate change in land use  Employment (firewood)  Reduced tourism  Increase water erosion

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 ENVIRON. ISSUES & TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES EFFECTS & SYMPTOMSTRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS STRATEGIC ACTIONS Groundwater resources scarcity  Increase of percentage of population without access of drinking water  Less agriculture (reduced area under irrigation)  Transfer water (big towns, mining areas)  Transboundary migration of the population increasing water demand in the new habitat  Increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists using the same water point (well, dug well, boreholes)  Sustainable and jointly development of water resources  Operational consultative mechanism of water resource management (exchange data, groundwater exploitation modelling, ) to alert water scarcity Groundwater quality degradation  Change option in water demand (fluoride)  Less production of agriculture  Sanitation issues (diseases)  More importation of food  Change option of water use  Transport pollutions with effects on human population, ecosystem.  Transport of diseases  Prevention and control of risk pollution  “Pollutant-Payer”, taxes  Operational legal framework Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources  Reduced wildlife populations of flora and fauna  Reduced biological properties of the soil (fertilisation)  Increase of denuded areas and loss of wetlands  Increase of water erosion, and sand dunes establishment  Migration of fauna and flora to wetland and peaceful zones  Migration of the population including diseases migration, destruction of new humid habitat  Migration and increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists  Strengthening public awareness in support of decision-making processes;  Environmental education for civil society  “Pollutant-Payer”, taxes

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Sliding of isohyets southwards by 100 km: decrease of 20%- 30% of the rainfall DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Erosion and silting in Niger river Development of sand dunes DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Reduced Niger river runoff at Niamey : 36,2% CLIMATIC IMPACTS

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Reduction of groundwater recharge (R. Dessouassi et G. Mahé, 1997) CLIMATIC IMPACTS

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 DIRECT HUMAN CAUSE

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : FLUORIDE (6mg/l) Bony Fluorosis Apatite : Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH, F, Cl) More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 COMITE DE PILOTAGE (Niveau Politique) SECRETAIRE Facilitateur) MALI Comité Technique NIGER Comité Technique NIGERIA Comté Technique STEERING COMMITTE (Political level) SECRETARY Facilitator) MALI Technical Committee NIGER Technical Committee NIGERIA Technical Committee TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Maintenance of Database; coordination national committee activities ; preparation of decisions to the Steering committee MALI Technical Committee NIGER Technical Committee NIGERIA Technical Committee STEERING COMMITTEE (Political Level ) PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Groundwater Surface Water Climatology Administrative Domains Users COMMON DATABASE

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 Definition, Quantification and Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS Addressing lack of data/information : A need for country capacity building ; Rational management of surface water and groundwater ; and “ Implementable “ consultative mechanism for cooperation and coordination. CHALLENGES

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006 END