Population Geography Focuses on the number, composition, and distribution of human beings on earth’s surface......especially how population changes related to the earth’s environment and natural resources.

Key term: Distribution the arrangement of locations on the earth’s surface where people live distribution is uneven A dot map

Key term: density the number of people that live in a given area of land Population Concentrations: E. Asia—1/5 S. Asia—1/5 S.E. Asia—500 million Europe—mostly urban

Interesting facts about the world’s population: About 90% of people live north of the equator. More than 50% of people live on about 5% of the land, and 90% live on less than 20%. Most people live in areas close to sea level. About 2/3 of world population is concentrated within 300 miles of the ocean, and many that live inland settle in river valleys.

Key term: arithmetic density The total number of people divided by total land area.

Key term: physiologic population density Measures the pressure that people put on the land to produce enough food. Divides the number of people into square kilometers of arable land (land suited for agriculture).

Key term: Carrying capacity The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis.

Population Pyramids

Population growth

Demographic terms you must know: Doubling rate/doubling time Crude birth rate Crude death rate Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate Natural increase/rate of natural increase Life expectancy

Thomas Malthus Neo-Malthusians (Paul Ehrlich) Natural checks Birth control Abstinence Wars Famines

Demographic Transition Model

Effects of Population Policies China’s one child policy India’s policies

Population movement Circulation: short term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (1885) 1. The majority of immigrants move only a short distance. distance decay step migration intervening opportunity

2. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destination.

3. Each migration flow produces a counterflow

4. Families are less likely to make international laws than are young adults— and most international migrants are young males.

Reasons for migrating Economic push and pull Cultural push and pull Environmental push and pull (intervening obstacles)

Major migrations at different scales internal migrants interregional intraregional international migrants forced voluntary

Global Migration Patterns out-migration (Asia, Latin America, Africa) emigration in-migration (immigration) [North America, Europe, Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, South Sea islands)] Global Migration Patterns out-migration (Asia, Latin America, Africa) emigration in-migration (immigration) [North America, Europe, Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, South Sea islands)]

U.S. Immigration Patterns 1. Initial settlement of colonies Most migrants from Great Britain, but also from Netherlands, Sweden, France, Germany, Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) Forced migration from Africa

2. Emigration from Europe 1835 – million to the Americas Three waves to the United States 1) 1840s and 1850s Germany and Ireland 2) late 1800s Northern and Western Europeans 3) early 1900s Southern and Eastern Europe Industrial Revolution was a pull factor for the second and third waves

3. Immigration since 1945 Laws restricting immigration from Asia were lifted in the 1960s Law restricting immigration from Latin America were changed by the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act

Some intra-regional migration is the result of dislocation due to war, ethnic strife, or natural disasters South Asia—Afghanistan and Sri Lanka Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma) The Balkans—Serbs, Macedonians, Bosnians, Albanians Sub-Saharan Africa—Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, Sierra Leone

The tendency for certain types of people to move is called migration selectivity a. Age 18 – 30 b. Education—higher education more likely to move long distances c. Kinship and friendship ties --chain migration

Short term migration and activity space: The area in which an individual moves about as he pursues regular, day-to-day activities Types of trips w/in activity space determined by 1. age 2. ability to travel 3. opportunities to travel

finis