Chapter 11: Agricutlrue By Gabe A. Hey!

What is Agriculture?  The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming.  Or …  The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming.  Or …

Organic Agriculture  The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrial produced pesticides and fertilizers  The Healthy way  The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrial produced pesticides and fertilizers  The Healthy way

The Levels of Economic Activities  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary  Quaternary  Quinary  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary  Quaternary  Quinary

Core vs. Periphery  The core is rich and uses machines with little amounts of people employed  The Periphery is not and uses hands to produce and almost all people are employed  The core is rich and uses machines with little amounts of people employed  The Periphery is not and uses hands to produce and almost all people are employed Graph G C

Back in the day…  Hunting and Gathering was the way to go  Those that lived near bigger sources of food grew the most  Hunting and Gathering was the way to go  Those that lived near bigger sources of food grew the most

A little bit later but still back in the day… They started with just a club Then used spears They started with just a club Then used spears

A little later then before but still back in the day…  Fire was invented by rubbing two sticks together, and the campfire became a symbol of community

Still there…Nomads  They would migrate to follow fish or another animal, usually chasing one animal during the spring like salmon and then another during the winter like deer

The First Agricultural Evolution  According to Carl Suer only happened in places of Plenty  First time people began to settle down and create their own places  According to Carl Suer only happened in places of Plenty  First time people began to settle down and create their own places

Plant Domestication  The taming of wild plants in order to grow them for the benefit of one’s self  Sauer believed it first happened in South and Southeast Asia  Root crops were the first and they were harvested by cultivating the roots  The taming of wild plants in order to grow them for the benefit of one’s self  Sauer believed it first happened in South and Southeast Asia  Root crops were the first and they were harvested by cultivating the roots

Seed Crops  They came next and they involved planting a seed  Took place in more then one area around the same time  Nile River Valley  They came next and they involved planting a seed  Took place in more then one area around the same time  Nile River Valley

Seed Selection and Use  People would only pick the biggest seeds  In warmer places like south Asia they used wheat and Barley but in places like Mesotopia they grew tropical stuff  People would only pick the biggest seeds  In warmer places like south Asia they used wheat and Barley but in places like Mesotopia they grew tropical stuff

Old Mcdonald had a farm…Animal Domestication  Animals would be taken into communities as pets, for protection, or ceremonial purposes  When in captivity the animals lose their physical features that would protect them in the wild  Animals would be taken into communities as pets, for protection, or ceremonial purposes  When in captivity the animals lose their physical features that would protect them in the wild

Ei Ei Ei o…Continued  Animals were sometimes domesticated at the same time like the water buffalo  They were useful and continue to be useful  Animals were sometimes domesticated at the same time like the water buffalo  They were useful and continue to be useful

Places of Agriculture  Central China was one and a place in West Africa, Mesoamerica, and northern Europe  But from these places crops were spread around by people through transportation  Central China was one and a place in West Africa, Mesoamerica, and northern Europe  But from these places crops were spread around by people through transportation China

Subsistence Agriculture  Growing only enough food to survive  Practiced mainly in the periphery countries  The farmers share the land  Growing only enough food to survive  Practiced mainly in the periphery countries  The farmers share the land

Continued  Shifting Cultivation-the movement of subsistence farmers to find better land  They plant in one place and grow until there are to many people and then those people move somewhere else  Shifting Cultivation-the movement of subsistence farmers to find better land  They plant in one place and grow until there are to many people and then those people move somewhere else

Slash it and burn it, that’s what I want to do  Slash and burn agriculture is cutting down trees and then burning it to make a field for agriculture

Second Industrial Evolution  Happened during the industrial revolution  With all the people moving to factories they needed to find a way to produce a surplus  Happened during the industrial revolution  With all the people moving to factories they needed to find a way to produce a surplus Graph Surplus B A

New technologies and ideas  The seed drill  Trains  Tractors and other things  Fenced in land  The seed drill  Trains  Tractors and other things  Fenced in land

Von Thünen  German raised  Looked at his town and how it was organized, then applied it to other towns and made a model  German raised  Looked at his town and how it was organized, then applied it to other towns and made a model

Model Ranching, Livestock Extensive Field crops, Grains Forest Market Gardening and dairy Central City

Aspects of the Model  Based on distance and transportation costs  Not exact for all places of the world  Occurs on global scale as well with Caribbean flowers being sold in New York  Based on distance and transportation costs  Not exact for all places of the world  Occurs on global scale as well with Caribbean flowers being sold in New York

The Third Agricultural Revolution  Green Revolution  Inventions of new types of seeds and technologies that allows greater output  Cured famine from lack of production  Green Revolution  Inventions of new types of seeds and technologies that allows greater output  Cured famine from lack of production Cool Ideas

Continued  Some say it failed and that it has just lowered diversity, increased vulnerability of plants and not affected everyone of the world

Genetically Modified Foods  Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)- also known as genetically modified crops  Grow faster and have a bigger yield  Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)- also known as genetically modified crops  Grow faster and have a bigger yield

Survey Systems  The way land is organized  Different regions use different types of survey systems  Rectangular  Township-and- range  Metes and Bounds  Long Lot  The way land is organized  Different regions use different types of survey systems  Rectangular  Township-and- range  Metes and Bounds  Long Lot

Rectangular  Organized in Rectangular way  Located in the entire mid west and Texas  Organized in Rectangular way  Located in the entire mid west and Texas 1 Mile

Township-and-Range  Like the rectangular system, one mile sections are created  Can be sold in quarters or halves  Located in the mid west  Like the rectangular system, one mile sections are created  Can be sold in quarters or halves  Located in the mid west

Metes and Bounds  Use of physical boundaries to make unequal farm plots  Located on eastern seaboards  Use of physical boundaries to make unequal farm plots  Located on eastern seaboards

Long Lot  Narrow parcels of land that extend from rivers, roads, and canals  Mainly in Texas  Narrow parcels of land that extend from rivers, roads, and canals  Mainly in Texas

Villages  People would live in the village and then farm the land outside  Farming the US or core  Farming in the Periphery  The barn is the center  People would live in the village and then farm the land outside  Farming the US or core  Farming in the Periphery  The barn is the center

Types  Linear  Cluster  Round  Walled  Grid  Linear  Cluster  Round  Walled  Grid

Commercial Agriculture  Started many years ago in the 19th, and 18th century  Mass production of one thing like corn  Started many years ago in the 19th, and 18th century  Mass production of one thing like corn

Monoculture  The dependency on one particular crop or livestock Corn

Koppen Climate Classifcation System  A map classifying all of the world climates  Classified by climate regions which are which are regions with similar climates  A map classifying all of the world climates  Classified by climate regions which are which are regions with similar climates

The World Map of Agriculture

Cash Crops and Plantation Agriculture  Countries owned by colonies are producing 1 to 2 crops that only benefit the government not them  Plantation Agriculture  Most plantations owned by US and European corporations  They have a lot of influence, can overthrow countries  Countries owned by colonies are producing 1 to 2 crops that only benefit the government not them  Plantation Agriculture  Most plantations owned by US and European corporations  They have a lot of influence, can overthrow countries

Cotton and Rubber  Two of the most influential crops in the world  Industries are located in Asian countries for better work force  Outsourcing  Two of the most influential crops in the world  Industries are located in Asian countries for better work force  Outsourcing

Luxury Crops  The rich crops like tea, coffee, and tobacco  Brought to colonies by Europeans  Coffee production  Fair Trade  Second most valuable to petroleum  Produced in Latin America but owned by foreign corporations  Laborers paid low wages  The rich crops like tea, coffee, and tobacco  Brought to colonies by Europeans  Coffee production  Fair Trade  Second most valuable to petroleum  Produced in Latin America but owned by foreign corporations  Laborers paid low wages

Commercial Livestock, Fruit and Grain Agriculture Dairying Widespread through north In North eastern Europe and us, special crops Market Gardens Eastern and Southeastern US Found in small areas where climate is favorable Mixed Livestock and crop farming Widespread in more humid latitudes Found in northern, and small areas of Latin America Commercial Grain Farming Prevails in driers places Like in wheat farming in Nebraska

Mediterranean Agriculture  Takes place in areas where they have the dry Mediterranean summers  Wines, and olive oil  High prices for these goods  Takes place in areas where they have the dry Mediterranean summers  Wines, and olive oil  High prices for these goods Italians!

Illegal Drugs  Some crops like Opium are turned into drugs  Some farmers see this as a great alternative and chose to do it  Marijuana controlled by Mexicans mostly  Some crops like Opium are turned into drugs  Some farmers see this as a great alternative and chose to do it  Marijuana controlled by Mexicans mostly

Environmental Impacts  Fish depletion  Soil Erosion  Water pollution  Herds deplete the land  Fish depletion  Soil Erosion  Water pollution  Herds deplete the land

Agribusiness  All of the business that supports agriculture

Government Involvement  Governments give money to subsistence farmers to help them  Communist governments have tried sectioning off land  Collectivation  Governments give money to subsistence farmers to help them  Communist governments have tried sectioning off land  Collectivation

The Main Ideas  Agriculture is a major part of our lives and it will be for years to come  Without it there would be no business or industry  Agriculture is a major part of our lives and it will be for years to come  Without it there would be no business or industry

Fin