Conservation of Hawaiian Drosophila using phylogenetic, ecological and population genetic data. Patrick M. O’Grady University of California, Berkeley

Dr. Karl Magnacca Richard Lapoint Breeding ecology of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae (Magnacca, Foote and O’Grady, Pacific Science) Richard Lapoint Population genetics of a recently divergent group of Hawaiian Drosophila (Lapoint and O’Grady, P12)

Outline Introduction Phylogeny Population Genetics Hawaiian Drosophila Placement of the Hawaiian Drosophila & Scaptomyza Time scale for drosophilid evolution Ages of major Hawaiian lineages Ecological associations Population Genetics Estimating population genetic parameters (ancestral population size, migration rates, etc)

Hawaiian Drosophila - 1,000 endemics - single colonist? - ancient: 25 mya - diverse behavior & morphology - biogeography

Habitat degradation (alien species, development, natural disaster, fire) Pest control (insecticides, non-target effects) Competition (introduced Drosophila, Stratiomyidae, Neriidae) Predation from alien arthropods (ants, wasps)

What group is sister to the Hawaiian Drosophila? How many colonizations of Hawaii? Hawaiian Drosophila and the genus Scaptomyza 99 The Hawaiian Drosophilidae (genus Scaptomyza plus the Hawaiian Drosophila) form a clade. This is indicative of a single ancestral colonization event.

How old are the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae? Colonization of multiple calibration points (fossils, biogeography) Colonization of Hawaii - 25my

Phylogeny and Diversification Times Species group relationships in Hawaiian Drosophila lineage agree with previous work. 100 antopocerus/ modified tarsus 9my 100 modified mouthpart 16my 61 99 picture wing/ nudidrosophila 15my 100 10my haleakalae 99 Scaptomyza 21my

Ecology Hawaiian Drosophilidae use ~40% (34/87) of native flowering plant families as larval substrates Campanulaceae Araliaceae and Campanulaceae are used by nearly all major lineages Araliaceae antopocerus/ modified tarsus 53 6 modified mouthpart 7 19 picture wing/ nudidrosophila 28 18 haleakalae 6 20 Scaptomyza

Endangered Hawaiian Drosophilidae Loss of host plants via rarity or extinction D. aglaia D. differens D. hemipeza D. heteroneura D. montgomeryi D. mulli D. musaphilia D. neoclavisetae D. obatai D. ochrobasis D. substenoptera D. tarphytricha

Other groups? picture wing Taxonomy not well understood. Difficult to work with (little known of their ecology, not culturable in the laboratory, polytene chromosomes are not amenable to study). Historical distribution and abundance data not available. picture wing D. aglaia D. differens D. hemipeza D. heteroneura D. montgomeryi D. mulli D. musaphilia D. neoclavisetae D. obatai D. ochrobasis D. substenoptera D. tarphytricha conspicuous extensively studied

Endangered Hawaiian Drosophilidae Loss of host plants via rarity or extinction Drastic reduction in numbers of populations and population sizes. D. aglaia D. differens D. hemipeza D. heteroneura D. montgomeryi D. mulli D. musaphilia D. neoclavisetae D. obatai D. ochrobasis D. substenoptera D. tarphytricha once considered extinct; single population recently discovered known only from single, highly restricted localities collected five times since 1975 known only from single, highly restricted localities collected frequently from 1967 -- 1975; not seen since 1986 historically known from 7 localities; only 1 population remains extinct in part of historical range (Ko’olau Mountains)

Population Genetics Drosophila neutralis Population genetic techniques to estimate effective population size, Ne, of a given population How large is a population? Is it small enough to be considered for conservation action? When should a very small population be considered inviable? Laupohoehoe 1,447,500 Kau 670,414 Olaa 1,442,708 Stainback 2,605,417 Hawaii Ne ~ 6,000,000

Population Genetics D. neutralis Population genetic techniques to estimate effective population size, Ne, of a given population How large is a population? Is it small enough to be considered for conservation action? When should a very small population be considered inviable? D. neutralis Rates of migration/gene flow D. dasycnemia Can we assess connectivity between proposed conservation management units? Coalescent theory to estimate ancestral population sizes Does a species have a small population because it has (1) always been found in low numbers (rarity), (2) recently undergone a population decline (3) is the result of a founder event

Conclusions Knowledge of phylogeny, as well as the phylogenetic distribution of host plant use, can yield an appreciation for how many lineages (percentage of the total diversity) will be impacted by a decline in a given host plant. Ecological data is important when considering which taxa to target for conservation action. All taxa using a rare or endangered host plant may be at risk of population declines. Population genetic techniques should be used before conservation management decisions are made to determine whether a population is truly in decline, and whether it is a viable candidate in which to invest limited resources. Population genetic measures can be useful in the monitoring and evaluation of conservation decisions.

Integration of Data ecology phylogeny population structure

Araliaceae (4) Campanulaceae (3) Myrtaceae (1) Nyctaginaceae (3) Monocots (3) Sapindaceae (2) Fungi (1) Other

Leaves Bark Stems Sap Flux Fungi Equivocal