Introduction to Migration presented by Modified by Pamela Hammond Brantley Co HSNahunta, GA

Migration is Global In 2005, 191 million people were counted as living outside the country of their birth. In 2011, the number was 215 million The number of migrants worldwide has doubled since World War II If they lived in the same place, international migrants would form the 5th most populous country in the world

Why do people migrate? 1. Economics (push/pull factors) 2. Politics (push factors) 3. Social Forces (pull factors)

Economic Causes of Migration Migration in search of better economic conditions, employment, etc. Migration to escape overpopulation and its effects Migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought, el Niño, etc. Migration to escape natural disasters

Political Causes of Migration To escape war, invasion, military takeover, etc. refugees To escape persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds Diasporas To escape prosecution for crimes committed As punishment for crimes committed Forced migration As a result of enslavement/human trafficking

Social Causes of Migration To spread a religion Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Missionaries (Jesuits during Age of Exploration) To reunite with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated To spread a political philosophy, such as Marxism, democracy, etc. To find personal freedom, to live a certain lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs, not necessarily as the result of persecution Pilgrims on the Mayflower

What are the effects of migration? 1. Effects on the immigrants 2. Effects on the host country 3. Effects on the home country

Effects on the Immigrants Issues of identity Issues of adaptation and assimilation Differing cultural values between generations

Effects on the Host Country Economic impacts positive and negative real and perceived Welfare issues Social attitudes

Effects on the Home Country Remittances Money sent home by workers Loss of revenue Money made outside of the country is not subject to taxes Families left behind Families left without both parents Traditional societies threatened “Brain drain” Young people educated elsewhere but do not return home, stay in host country where the money is better As many of them study abroad on state-sponsored scholarships, this is an investment in human development not returned. Population decrease

Multi-National Issues “Open border” policies European Union has a free-border policy Immigration policies USA restricts number of immigrants allowed in each year Every so often, a U.S. administration official suggests amnesty for illegal immigrants in the U.S… Security issues Especially important since 9/11

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Now let’s think about migration As you view the following maps think about Why did the migration take place? What effect did the did the migration have on the home region? On the host region? Can you connect the migration to major events in history?

Migrations to the Americas

Indo-European Migrations (4000 BCE BCE)

Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)

Jewish Diaspora

Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4 th -6 th centuries) Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)

The Spread of Islam ( )

Viking Migrations (9 th -11 th centuries)

The Mongol Invasions (13 th -15 th centuries)

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants

Migration due to religious persecution

Current Migrations

Warm UP Which migration had the most significant impact? Why?