Reporting Category 3 04.29.15

TEK 7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin, who is famous for his trips to the Galapagos Islands where he observed finches and other animals, wrote “The origin of Species” His theory includes: 1. variation exists among individuals in a species 2. individuals of species will compete for resources 3. some competition would lead to death of some individuals while other would survive 4. individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The process he described came to be known as Natural Selection The favorable variations are called adaptations

Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures- structures that came from the same embryonic tissue, but serve different functions Vestigial structures-organs or other structures that are not used; may have evolved over time to not need it Analogous structures- structures in different organisms that look similar, or perform similar functions, but are not from the same ancestral source

Comparative Anatomy

Embryology Darwin believed that uniformity seen in the embryos of organisms was evidence for evolution As the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar

Geographic Isolation When a species is geographically isolated, evolution can result in separate species largely due to genetic drift This can eventually result in behavioral isolation as well

Example Questions The organisms have developed from a common ancestor

TEK 7E Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms(RIMs) Prevent successful breeding between different species. They are barriers to gene flow The two main kinds: Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-act before fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Habitat, temporal(time-based), behavioral, and structural Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-act after fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Hybrid inviablility(failure of zygote to develop) and hybrid sterility, and speciation

Types of Speciation Allopatric- populations become geographically separated, and develop RIMs Sympatric-a population forms a new species within the same area as the parent species Parapatric- the speciating populations are only partially separated geographically, so some individuals on each side are able to meet across a common boundary during the speciation process

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution Species from different evolutionary branches may resemble each other if they have similar ecological roles The diversification of an ancestral group into two or more species in different habitats

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

Example Question

TEK 7F Analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination mechanisms of evolution

Genetic Drift Imagine that in one generation, two brown beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them and had no offspring. The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation—but just by chance. These chance changes from generation to generation are known as genetic drift

Gene Flow Gene flow, aka migration, is any movement of genes from one population to another. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a source of genetic variation

Bottlenecks and Founder Effects Bottlenecks: occur when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. This can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot Founder effects: occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This can also reduce genetic variation

TEK 8B Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups

Modern Linnaean System Domain: the category domain is used to recognize the most basic differences among cell types. Organisms are grouped into 1 of 3 domains Kingdom: encompasses large groups such as plants, animals, or fungi. There are 6 kingdoms Phylum: a subgroup within a kingdom; Humans belong to Chordata Class: a subgroup within a phylum; Humans belong to mammalia Order: a subgroup within a class; Humans belong to Primates

Modern Linnaean System Family: a subgroup within an order; Humans belong to Hominidae Genus: a subgroup within a family ; species in a genus are thought to be closely related; Humans belong to Homo Species: a unique group of organisms united by heredity; Humans belong to sapiens Homo sapiens is recognized as the only living primate species that walks upright and uses spoken language

Modern Linnaean System

Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogeny: the evolutionary relationships among organisms; this shows divergent evolution over time

Taxonomic Diagrams Cladograms: expressing phylogeny in order of divergence

Taxonomic Diagrams Dichotomous Keys: identify organisms, and contain pairs of contrasting descriptions After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism

Example Question 8B

TEK 7B Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record

Fossils A fossil is any parts or impressions of an organism that may survive after its death A fossil record is an orderly array in which fossils appear in the layers, or strata, of sedimentary rocks There are several methods scientists use to date fossils One example is Carbon 14 used to date bone, shell, and charcoal

Gradual vs. Rapid Change Gradualism-the theory that evolution occurs gradually over time Fits Darwin’s theory of evolution Supported by fossil records Punctuated Equilibrium-the theory that species stay the same for long periods of time and then have short bursts of evolution that produce new species rapidly Also supported by fossil records

Gradual vs. Rapid Change Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

TEK 7C Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals

Principles of Natural Selection Natural Selection is the “mechanism” that leads to adaptations in a population(or individual) The principles of Natural Selection are: 1. overproduction-species produce more young than will survive to reproductive age 2. variation: individuals vary from one another in characteristics. Some variations are better suited for the environment or conditions of the time

Principles of Natural Selection 3. selection- a trait may be “selected” if it helps a species survive. Selection leads to adaptation. Aka survival of the fittest

TEK 7D Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success

Summary of Natural Selection Natural Selection will operate among any entities that reproduce and show inheritance of characteristics It may be directional, stabilizing or disruptive Directional: natural selection favors smaller individuals Stabilizing: natural selection favors the middle individuals Disruptive: natural selection favors the extremes Variation that is created by genetic recombination and mutation is accidental, and adaptively random in direction

TEK 7G Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning the complexity of the cell

Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes

Endosymbiosis Evidence Structural Genetic Functional Mitochondria & chloroplast resemble bacterial structure Genetic Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own circular DNA, like bacteria Functional Mitochondria & chloroplast move freely within the cell Mitochondria & chloroplast reproduce independently from the cell

TEK 8A Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community

K P COF G S Taxonomy Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Over Order The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic relationships Kingdom K P COF G S King Phylum Phillip Class Came Over Order Family For Good Genus Spaghetti Species

Who is this? Common Names: Cougar Mountain lion And Puma Scientific Name: Puma concolor

Binomial Nomenclature “2 name system” Consists of the Genus and species of the organism Puma concolor Benefits: Latin roots (scientists from other countries can recognize) Avoid confusion of common names(cougar/mountain lion) Shows relationships and classification

TEK 8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals

The 6 kingdoms Kingdom Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Cell Type Number of Cells Nutrition Archaea   Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia