Industries powered by steam now used mass production Industries powered by steam now used mass production Mass Production-The rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects Mass Production-The rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects Factories used a system of interchangeable parts Factories used a system of interchangeable parts Each piece of the product was identical and could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers Each piece of the product was identical and could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers Eli Whitney devised this system Eli Whitney devised this system Using mass production and interchangeable parts, manufacturing became more efficient Using mass production and interchangeable parts, manufacturing became more efficient

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

Lowell Mill

Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

1. What kind of women usually worked in Lowell? 2. What time do they go to work at Lowell and what time do they finish work? How many hours of work per day is this? 3. What were the conditions like in the Lowell Factory? 4. What were the conditions like in the women’s boarding houses?

Dangerous Machines Dangerous Machines Workers who were injured on the job received no compensation Workers who were injured on the job received no compensation Not uncommon for a worker to lose a hand or a foot Not uncommon for a worker to lose a hand or a foot Dimly lit, little fresh air Dimly lit, little fresh air Workdays lasted from hours Workdays lasted from hours

American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries employed children as young as 7 or 8 American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries employed children as young as 7 or 8 They had no opportunities for education They had no opportunities for education Worked in unsafe conditions-often gained lifelong health problems Worked in unsafe conditions-often gained lifelong health problems By 1880, more than one million children between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay By 1880, more than one million children between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay

1. What is urbanization? 2. How did the Industrial Revolution help to bring about urbanization? 3. What two countries did many of the new immigrants come from? 4. List four of the common urban problems below. Growth of cities due to movement of people from rural to urban Factories Western Europe: Germans & Irish Filthy streets, no sewage, no clean water, fires

1. What were three reasons immigrants came to the U.S.? 2. Why did many Irish come to the U.S. during this time period? 3. What jobs did the Irish usually do in the U.S.? Cheap land, skills=jobs, no survival at home Famine Construction, railroads, household workers

4. Why did many Germans come to the U.S. at this time? 5. Who were the nativists and what groups were they especially opposed to? 6. What was the name of the nativist political party in New York? Dealt with Revolution Against immigration, against Irish Catholics Know-nothings

Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

1. What were three examples of discrimination that African Americans faced in the North? 2. What was the name of the first newspaper owned and run by African Americans? No voting, factories discriminated, and segregation Freedom’s Journal