Poetry Terms 2 general kinds of poetry– lyric and narrative. Lyric: originate from ancient poems sung to a lyre; includes sonnets, odes, and villanelles Narrative are longer and were also probably chanted The line between the two blurs in longer forms of poetry

8 Elements of Poetry 8 elements of poetry include: Language Imagery Tone Rhythm & rhyme Metaphor & figurative language

8 Elements of Poetry 6. Symbols & allegory 7. Form 8. Ideas

Language Discursive language depends on telling the reader something Imagery is language that shows the reader something Denotation=the dictionary definition

Language Connotation=the meaning of a word on an emotional level The poet usually controls meaning of the poem through meaning of words and sounds

Language Sounds Euphony: words that sound good together (very musical) Cacophony: words that grate, annoy, or create distaste Onomatopoeia: imitates the sound it refers to

Imagery Images directly appeal to one of the senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste Imagist poets rely on creating responses through images rather than discursive language

Imagery Synaesthesia refers to when an image appeals to 2 or more senses at the same time

Tone Tone may be thought of as arising from the voice the poet projects. They can be ironic, conversational, angry, satirical, or judgmental

Rhythm & Rhyme A rhythm is a regular beat End-stopped lines have a pause at the end of the line, usually indicated by punctuation. Run-on lines force the reader to read beyond their end into the beginning of the next lines Enjambment

Rhythm & Rhyme Rhymed and metrical poem is called verse. Masculine rhymes: one syllable rhymes (still, fill) Feminine rhymes: 2 syllable rhymes (balcalava, lava)

Rhythm & Rhyme Slant rhyme: sounds almost echo each other (mousse, clues) Assonantal rhyme: vowels echo each other (tube, mood) Consonantal rhyme: consonants echo each other (klutz, blitz)

Rhythm & Rhyme Internal rhyme: end word rhymes with a word in the middle of the same line or another nearby line (turned the air, a prayer) Eye rhyme: words look alike but do not sound alike (blood, food)

Meter Meter is a measure of syllables into feet. Iambic is the usual metrical foot in English (an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable)

Meter 1 foot / line = monometer 2 feet/ line= dimeter 3 feet/ line= trimeter 4 feet/ line= tetrameter 5 feet/ line= pentameter 6 feet/ line= hexameter 7 feet / line= septameter 8 feet/ line= octameter

Meter Metrical foot pattern: Iamb U / in-sist Trochee / U pen-cil Anapest U U / in a fix Dactyl / / U im-pli-cate Spondee / / top gun

Meter Pyrrhic U U of a Amphribrach U / U in-ter-nal Cretic / U / med-I-ate

Meter Iamb and anapest are usually called rising rhythms because they begin with an unstressed syllable and proceed to a final stress. Trochee and dactyl are, therefore, falling rhythms.

Metaphor & Figurative Language Metaphor is a direct comparison between 2 unlike things Figurative language includes: metaphor, oxymoron, irony, paradox, personification, pun, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litote

Irony Saying one thing and meaning another or giving an apparently innocent comparison that reveals shortcomings on the subject. Verbal irony is commonly used in conversation, as when someone claims to be bad, but the reader knows the opposite is meant.

Irony Dramatic Irony is not limited to words, but includes actions Tragic irony is when the result is a tragic end to a hero

Irony Cosmic irony shows fate reaching from the heavens to make an otherwise admirable person so unhappy as to cause his or her death.

Other figurative language Paradox: an apparently impossible circumstance, situation, or condition. Personification: giving a non-being the characteristics of a person.

Other figurative language Pun: a play on words that usually depends on a word having several meanings or sounding like another word with a different meaning. Metonymy: when you use one thing in the place of something closely related (instead of athlete using jock)

Other figurative language Synecdoche: closely related to metonymy and uses part of a whole to mean the whole thing (wheels instead of car) Hyperbole: overstatement for effect Litotes: understatement for effect

Symbols and Allegory Symbols are specialized use of words (metaphor) that is universal in nature. Begins with a comparison but the reader is not always immediately aware that the comparison is important

Symbol & Allegory Allegories are forms of symbols which are fixed (Animal Farm)

Form--Sonnets All sonnets have 14 lines and usually rhyme according to one of several patterns. All 14 lines are usually iambic pentameter, but are not always regular—sometimes other patterns may occur.

Form--Sonnet Petrarchan Sonnet (Italian) Divided into an octave and a sestet The octave rhymes abbaabba The sestet my rhyme cdcdcd, cdecde, cdcdee, or cdedcd

Form--Sonnet The normal pattern is to state the main idea in the first four lines of the octave and then to elaborate on that idea in the next 4 lines Between the octave and the sestet is a turn, a change of tone, action or concept.

Form--Sonnet The first part of the sestet sometimes has an example or complication of the idea developed in the octave. The last 3 lines conclude the poem.

Form--Sonnet Shakespearean Sonnet (English) Divided in 3 quatrains rhyming abab, cdcd, efef and ends with a couplet gg. The first 12 lines are elaborating an idea or a problem with details or examples.

Form--Sonnet The last 2 lines resolve the issues raised by the first 3 quatrains The couplet almost sounds like a tag or resoultion

Form--Ballad The term “ballad” implies a song Is sometimes recited to a guitar or lute Traditionally tells a story, often of love, promises, war, and disappointment Often depends on repetition of key lines for effect

Form--Ode A long irregular poem, originally meant to be a sublime poetic utterance inspired by gods Lyric in nature, exalted in tone 3 phases: strophe, antistrophe, and epode

Form--Ode Odes are usually predicted on oppositions—the subject of one stanza (the antistrophe) may sometimes reevaluate the subject of the previous stanza (the strophe).

Form--Ode The end of the ode (epode) usually attempts to resolve the tensions raised in the body of the ode.

Form--Villanelle Not a common fixed form, lots of rhymes Extremely difficult to create in English 6 stanzas with iambic pentameter: 5 with 3 lines, and the last with 4 lines

Form—Villanelle There are only 2 rhymes The first line and the third line of the first stanza repeat throughout the poem Stanza 2 ends with line 1 Stanza 3 ends with line 3

Form--Villanelle Stanza 4 ends with line 1 Stanza 5 ends with line 3 Stanza 6 ends with lines 1 and 3