Responses to the Industrial City Planning, Social Theory & Policy
Industrial City ( ) Population Change: Multiplier Effect Social Change: Immigrants & Class Issues Technological & Environmental Change: ‘Up & Out’
Restructuring the City Chicago as ‘Shock City’ Multiplier Effect Population Growth: , – 298, – 1,698, – 3,376,438
Social Change ‘New Immigrants’ (1880 – 1920) – *Eastern European *Southern European Industrial Workers – strikes & violence
Labor Conditions: Depression of 1873 Haymarket Riot – 1886 Depression of 1893 Pullman Strike
New Land Use Patterns Central Business District Industrial Districts Residential Districts Commuter Suburbs Industrial Suburbs [Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model]
Central Business District Skyscrapers -- steel frame -- elevator Department Stores
Burnham’s Reliance Building
Mass Market of Housing Balloon Frame Construction – Workers Cottages
Mass Market of Housing Rise of Real Estate Developer Example: S.E. Gross – ‘Friend of the Working Man’
Commuter Suburbs Olmsted’s Riverside, Il. [ ]
Industrial Suburb Pullman, Illinois [ ] Milwaukee – South Milwaukee (1890) Cudahy (1893) West Allis (1902) West Milwaukee (1906)
Private Responses Suburbanization – Commuter Industrial
Environmental Controls Emergence of Zoning Laws/Building Codes Parks Movement City Beautiful Movement
Emergence of Zoning San Francisco/ Modesto, CA; 1886 Los Angeles; 1909 New York; 1916
New York’s Zoning “... Restrictions on land use are constitutional because they enable city government to carry out their duties of protecting the health, safety, morals and general welfare of their citizens.” 1) Separate land uses into appropriate zones; 2) Restrict building heights 3) Limit lot coverage
Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co., 1926
Village of Euclid, Ohio Districting of village into residential land uses; Village lay ‘in path’ of industrial development Ambler Realty challenged restrictive zoning Supreme Court ruling established jurisdiction’s right; Village could set single- family as highest and best use
Urban Parks Movement Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux – Central Park ( ) Nature’s ‘cure’ – health benefits, psychological relief; democratizing force
City Beautiful ( ) Columbian Exposition (World Fair of 1893): “The White City” * Burnham - architect * Olmsted – landscape architect
Burnham – architect “White City” & primary leader of City Beautiful Movement “Make no little plans for they have no magic to stir men’s blood...”
City Beautiful
Movement Goals “ beauty, order, system & harmony” Middle & upper-class effort to refashion the city into beautiful, functional entities Focus on civic improvements & parks
Milwaukee’s C. Beautiful Legacy Alfred Clas’ Ideas: * RiverWalk *West Kilbourn Street Improvements (connecting public buildings)
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
Howard’s vision Life’s experience: Homesteading, Chicago – before 1871 Town/Country Medieval London
Impact in Britain Letchworth: 1903 Welywyn: 1920
American Influence Design Implications – Radburn Plan Greenbelt Cities: Greendale WI New Towns: Reston, NY & Columbia, Maryland
LeCorbusier
Modernist Influence Public Housing
Modernist Influence Town Plans * Brasilia * Chandigarh