Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other? Political, Economic, Military Cooperation

The survival of States is Threatened… By the trend toward self-determination as an expression of unique cultural identity And the trend toward globalization, as states transfer authority to regional organizations like NAFTA, UN, NATO

United Nations Established after WW2 to prevent a third world war 49 original members, 192 by 2007 Members increased on 3 occasions- 1955, 1960, and 1990s ’55- countries liberated from Nazi Germany ’60- Newly independent nations in Africa ’90s- From the breakup of USSR/Yugoslavia, microstates

United Nations League of Nations 1st attempt at peacekeeping- failed UN can establish peacekeeping force- but relies on voluntary contributions of troops from members 5 permanent members of the Security Council have vetoes- US, Russia, UK France, China- during Cold War vetoes used to prevent intervention (except Korea)

United Nations China, France, Russia vetoed UN action to remove Saddam Hussein- 2003 UN Peacekeepers- maintain neutrality, operate in E. Europe, Middle East, Africa Sometimes ineffective because states’ contribution of troops voluntary UN- for the first time, all states can meet and vote before resorting to war.

Regional Military Alliances After WW2, world divided between 2 superpowers- USA and USSR. Before, many superpowers- no one dominated Balance of Power- roughly equal strength between opposing alliances Weaker states became ally or satellite of two powers Acquiring an ally added power and took it away from the enemy

Era of 2 Superpowers Both powers used military force to control their allies USSR invaded Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan USA invaded Grenada, Dominican Republic, Panama Both powers established military bases in other countries to respond quickly/ maintain strength

Cuban Missile Crisis

Military Cooperation 2 alliances- NATO and Warsaw Pact NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- US, Canada, 14 European states. France, Spain members but did not contribute troops. Goal- prevent USSR from invading Germany 7 members of Warsaw Pact- invaded Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Goal- prevent a third German invasion of Russia

Military Cooperation NATO, W. Pact now obsolete- NATO troops sharply reduced, but membership expanded into former Warsaw Pact countries. Membership provides security against Russian invasion W. Pact disbanded OSCE- Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe- includes Russia, Goal- ending conflict in Europe

Military Cooperation OAS- Organization of American States- all 35 states in W. hemisphere. Goal- promotes economic, social, political, and cultural links Cuba a member but suspended in 1962 AU- African Union- 53 countries- promotes economic integration of Africa. Replaced OAU which opposed Apartheid

British Commonwealth Includes UK and 53 other former British colonies. Goal- economic and cultural cooperation

Economic Cooperation Since end of Cold War in 1992, world has returned to more than 2 powers like before WW2 2 Key differences- 1. Most important elements of state power are now economic instead of military 2. Leading power is not a single state, but the EU a collection of states

European Union AKA EEC, Common market, established in 1958- Goal- heal wounds of WW2 Main task of EU is to promote development within member states through economic cooperation Has removed international barriers to trade- goods, services, and people can move freely throughout Europe The Euro has removed differences in prices, interest rates, and made the EU economy the wealthiest in the world

German Nation Flashback- Germany emerged as a nation-state in 1871- Otto von Bismarck forced German kingdoms into his Prussian dominated German Empire Did not get all German speaking areas of Europe Germany punished after WW1, lost territory, arbitrary borders- fragmented state

German Nation Nazi takeovers of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria justified as attempts to rebuild German nation-state After WW2, Germany carved into 4 zones- US, UK, France, USSR 3 zones reunited, Soviet zone became E. Germany 1990- E. Germany absorbed

Why has Terrorism Increased? Terrorism- systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands Violence is seen as necessary to bring attention to problems not being addressed through peaceful means Terrorism is applied to actions by groups rather than official governments, although some states provide support for terrorists

Terrorism Differs from assassination because civilians are targets, not political leaders or the military Terrorists consider all citizens responsible for the actions being opposed, so they are all legit targets. Distinguishing terrorism from political violence is difficult- is a suicide bombing a terrorist attack or an act of war? Depends on your perspective.

Terrorist Attacks 1988- Pan Am 103 shot down 1993- WTC bomb 1995- Oklahoma City 1998- US embassies in E. Africa 2000- USS Cole 2001- 9/11

American Terrorists Timothy McVeigh executed for Oklahoma City- motivated by FBI attack in Waco, TX Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski- (Unabomber) sent bombs through the mail over 17 years- academics in technology and businessmen harming the environment

Unabomber’s homemade gun

9/11 4 planes, 19 hijackers, 3,000 deaths Al-Qaeda means “the foundation” Bin Laden family became rich through close connections to the Saudi royal family Osama bin Laden used his inheritance to fund Al Qaeda Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to help fight Soviets

9/11 A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the US is responsible for: 1. Maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia 2. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel

9/11 Estimated 20,000 members, isolated autonomous cells Sleeper cell- blend into normal society, hold jobs, wait for orders. Other extremist organizations take the “brand name” Al Qaeda as a symbol of legitimacy

State Support for Terrorism Three levels of support: 1. Providing sanctuary 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. Planning attacks using terrorists

Libya Accused of sponsoring a bombing of a nightclub in Berlin PanAm flight 103 US bombed Libya in response Qaddafi renounced terrorism and agreed to provide compensation to families- 2003 3 states have been accused by US of supporting terrorism since 9/11- Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran

Afghanistan 1973- Afghan king overthrown 1978- Gov’t established that sympathized w/ USSR USSR invaded after mujahedeen (holy warriors) rebelled against gov’t (1979) USSR withdrew in 1989, gov’t collapsed in 1992 1995- Taliban gained control of country They sheltered Al Qaeda

Iraq While most states supported Afghan invasion, few supported invasion of Iraq Saddam Hussein took power in ’79 1980- 8 year war with Iran- stalemate Nuclear reactor blown up in 1981 by Israel 1988- 5000 Kurds die by poison gas 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait 1991- Desert Storm

Iraq While almost the entire UN supported Desert Storm, few supported US invasion in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein Why? 1991 was to end an unjustified invasion. 2003 no one believed Hussein still possessed weapons of mass destruction or intended to use them. US assessment was based on faulty intelligence US assertion that Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda was false

Iraq Ruling Ba’ath party based on pan-Arabism- 1 Arab nation sharing oil wealth Philosophy not derived from religion like Al-Qaeda So US changed justification to Saddam is a bad man and needs to be removed- “regime change” Other countries believe you don’t violate sovereignty simply because you don’t like the leader Kurds support US, Sunnis, Shi’ites oppose US invasion

Iran 1979- Revolution overthrows Shah as people demanded more democracy Replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini who declared Iran an Islamic republic and made himself dictator Seized US embassy in 1979 and hels 62 Americans hostage until 1981 Fought 8 year war w/ Iran over Shatt al-Arab, 1.5 million dead,