EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2011

2 Emotions, Stress, and Health

Theories and Physiology of Emotion Module 27 3

4 Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion  Emotions and The Autonomic Nervous System  Brain and Other Physiological Indicators of Emotions  THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection  Cognition And Emotion

5 Theories of Emotion Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience. There are two controversies over the interplay of physiology, expressions, and thoughts in emotions: Does our physiological arousal precede or follow our emotional experience? Does cognition always precede emotion?

6 James-Lange Theory Commonsense tells us that conscious awareness of an emotion comes before the associated physiological activity. But William James and Carl Lange disagree. The James-Lange theory proposes that the opposite is true, the physiological responses comes first, followed by the emotion. The James-Lange theory proposes that we smile both because we share our teammates joy and because we are smiling with them.

7 Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed what is now known as the Cannon-Bard theory, that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.

8 Two-Factor Theory Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. In their two-factor theory, emotions have two ingredieents–physical arousal and cognitive label.

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10 Embodied Emotion We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

11 Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.

12 Brain and Other Physiological Indicators of Emotion Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, are more distinct. And in the brain circuits they use, emotions differ even more. Different emotions activate different areas of the brain’s cortex.

Lie Detection The polygraph - a machine that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion – has offered a way to detect lies. However, they are not reliable. Anxiety, irritation, and guilt provoke many of same physiological responses and the tests have errors. 13

14 Cognition and Emotion What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

15 Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event can spill over into our response to the next event. Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

16 Emotion and the Two-Track Brain Arousal can linger. Without being consciously aware of having seen it, we can be influenced by a stimulus flashed too briefly to interpret. A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

17 When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, Emotion and the Two-Track Brain

18 Two Routes to Emotion Zajonc and LeDoux emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.